Improve Your English Fluency FAST | Reading and Listening Method

I have a fun lesson for you today.

You're going to learn English through stories.

We're going to read four different news  articles together, and you're going to  

learn advanced vocabulary, advanced  grammar, and correct pronunciation.

Welcome back to JForrest English.

Of course, I'm Jennifer.

Now let's get started.

First, I'll read the headline.

Tiktok allows Europe to access research  software with eye on EU online content rules.

First, let's talk about this with eye on.

That might sound a little odd.

This is an idiom in English.

Now, grammatically, the idiom  is with an eye on something.

Notice the difference here?

They left out the article.

This is commonly done in headlines of  news articles because they always try  

to be short and concise, and it's easy to omit  an article, but grammatically it is required.

It's just an acceptable thing to  do specifically with headlines  

of news articles with an eye on something.

This is an idiom and this means to be  focused on a particular thing or area.

So here with an eye on EU online content  rules, European Union, that's EU.

So TikTok allows researchers to  access the research software,  

but they're accessing this software or.

TikTok is.

Allowing them to do so only focused  on this specific area online content  

rules because there are many other  areas within this research software.

But the.

Researchers, the EU researchers  won't have access to all of that,  

they'll only have access to the online content  rules 'cause that's what with an eye on means.

Don't worry about writing down the  information because I've created  

a free lesson PDF so you can look in the  description for the link to download that.

Let's continue.

Tiktok on Thursday opened  up its research software.

When you open up something to someone,  it means you make it available.

So here they opened up.

What did they open up?

The something is the research software to someone,  

in this case researchers,  people who conduct research.

So to open up, to open up something  to someone means to make it available.

Now, in this case, you must  use the phrasal verb open up.

You can't just say to open  something to someone, it's open up.

So I might say I'm going to open up my analytics  to this company, I'm going to make it available  

and you do that when whatever you're opening  up is not available to the general public.

So normally that person would not have access  to my analytics, but I'm opening it up to them.

So here opened up its research software to  researchers in Europe ahead of new EU rules.

So they're making this available  information that normally wouldn't  

be available because soon  that is going to be a rule.

But notice here they said ahead of and that's  why I said soon is going to be a rule because  

right now, currently it isn't because  they're opening up the software ahead of,  

ahead of means before something happens ahead of.

So in this case, before  the rule comes into effect.

Before.

I notice you need ahead of ahead of.

You may already know the  expression to be ahead of schedule.

So you have the schedule of all  the things that you need to do.

And if you're ahead of schedule, it means you're  completing the items faster than you anticipated.

But if you're behind schedule, it's the opposite.

You're completing items slower than anticipated,  but notice ahead of schedule but behind schedule.

So we only need that preposition  of with ahead, ahead of schedule,  

behind schedule, ahead of new  EU rules requiring big tech.

Big tech refers to the big technology  companies such as Tiktok, Google,  

Facebook, which is actually owned  by Meta and Twitter and other big  

tech companies as well to do  more to police online content.

So notice here police is being  used as a verb to police.

You're probably more familiar with it as a noun.

I saw a police officer, There's the police.

But here it's a verb.

Technically the police.

Police, that's what they do, They police.

So that's the verb to police.

TikTok owned by Chinese technology conglomerate.

A conglomerate is one company that owns many other  companies, and usually they're smaller companies.

So this one company is  made-up of smaller companies,  

and those smaller companies can be  completely unrelated to one another.

One could sell vacuums and another  could be a social media platform.

They're totally different, but  they're owned by the same one company.

So Bytedance is the one company  that owns many other companies.

One of those being Tiktok is  one of 19 online platforms and  

search engines subject to tougher requirements.

So here, subject to subject.

You're probably familiar with this as a noun.

One subject you studied in  school is likely English.

Or maybe a subject you didn't like in school  was history or math or English, for example.

That's a subject, a school subject.

In this case, it's a verb because these online  

platforms and search engines are  subject to tougher requirements.

When you're subject to something, it means  that that is forced upon you as an obligation.

For example, cars are subject to subject to.

This is our verb subject to something to belongs  to the expression subject to a high domestic tax.

So the cars receive that as an obligation.

They have to follow that they don't  have any choice in the manner.

So they're subject to tougher requirements  that will kick in from August.

Kick in means to be activated.

So these tougher requirements will be activated,  which is a fancier way of simply saying start.

They'll start from August.

So starting from August, the online platforms  will be subject to tougher requirements.

So kick in to be activated or simply to  start when something starts, that's kick in.

We use this, the phrasal verb, to kick in we.

Use it quite.

A lot and how you might use it is let's say  I have an A headache and I take Tylenol,  

which is a a pill to help with a headache.

It's a brand in North America.

At least.

And I say, I hope my Tylenol kicks in soon.

If I could spell that correctly.

Oh, capital TI hope my Tylenol kicks in soon.

I hope the medicine in the  Tylenol is activated soon.

I hope it starts working soon.

Oh, I hope my Tylenol kicks in soon.

So we frequently use this  with any sort of treatment  

that you're taking to say I hope it starts soon.

So it will kick in from August  under the Digital Services Act.

So this is the ACT that will become a new law.

And once that is a law, these online platforms,  

including TikTok will be subject  to these tougher requirements.

And that's why they're opening up their  research software ahead of these new rules.

They know it's coming soon,  so why not just do it now,  

I guess is their their  thought process around that.

The company said it was still  waiting for the European Commission  

to set out technical conditions for the  Application Programming Interface API.

Let's take a look at this phrasal verb set out.

When you set something out, in this  case the technical conditions for the  

Application Programming Interface API,  it simply means that you provide a clear  

explanation or you provide all the details needed.

So what are these conditions?

Tick Tock and the other big tech  companies, they need to know exactly  

what the conditions are so they can make  sure they're meeting the new requirements.

So the European Commission needs to set them out.

They need to be very clear  about those requirements,  

set out technical conditions for the  application Programming interface  

API for accessing its data, but decided  to go ahead anyway, so here to go ahead.

When you go ahead with something,  you simply proceed with it.

You proceed to do it, so you proceed.

This is very commonly used in a work context.

Your boss or a coworker or anyone could  say please go ahead and e-mail the client.

So you could simply say please e-mail the client.

But when you say please go  ahead and e-mail the client,  

it simply means that we've discussed this  before and now I'm giving you permission to.

Do.

This action, so I'm giving  you permission to proceed.

Oh, please go ahead and do.

This is also commonly used  with Please go ahead with.

But because with is a preposition, your verb  needs to be in the gerund form, the ING form.

So it could be.

Please go ahead with.

Emailing the client, there's no  difference in these two sentences.

It's simply the sentence  structure that's different.

They have the same meaning, but just notice  the difference in the sentence structure.

So they decided to go ahead anyway.

They decided to proceed with opening up their  What did they open up their research software?

Was that it They opened up  yeah, the research software.

They made it available to the researchers.

TikTok is proactively rolling  out is research API when you.

Roll.

Something out, it means you make  something available for the first time.

And by saying proactively, when  you do something proactively,  

it means you do it before  you're required to do it.

So let's say, you know, there's  a deadline in two weeks,  

but you could just proactively do the task now.

And then when your boss asks you, oh,  we need to make sure we do this soon,  

you can say, oh, I already did it.

Your boss will be very impressed.

Wow, I'm impressed.

You proactively did it.

So they're making this  available for the first time.

They're rolling it out, and they're  doing it proactively before they have to.

TikTok is proactively rolling out  its research API ahead of further  

technical guidance, so remember, the  European Commission still needs to.

Set out those.

Technical conditions.

They still need to explain them  or provide the details of them,  

but TikTok is rolling it out anyway  ahead of further technical guidance  

and launching a commercial content library  ahead of DSA compliance deadline launching.

When you launch something, it also  means that you make something.

Available for the 1st.

Time make something available or something starts.

So if you launch a business, that business starts,  make something available or when something starts.

So it could be the sense that this commercial  content library, if they're launching it,  

they're starting that initiative, but at the  same time they're also making it available.

So it means the same thing in this context.

But when you launch a business, it means  you're starting a business, not that you're  

making a business available, but I guess you are  making your services available to the public.

So in a way it still.

Works for both.

So they're launching a commercial content library  ahead of before the DSA Compliance deadline.

Compliance, this comes from the verb to comply.

And when you comply, it means you follow  the official rules and regulations.

So compliance deadline, this is the deadline,  

the date that they have to comply with the rules  and regulations and the rules are in regulations.

Are set out, set out.

In this DSA so they have to comply.

With the DSA, so I'll write that out for you to.

Comply with something.

This is to.

Follow the rules, the regulations, or simply the  law, the social media app said in a statement.

So Tiktok released this to the public to let  

the public know why they were  rolling out this research API.

All researchers will need to have their  own Tiktok for Developers account and be  

located in the United States or  Europe to access our research API.

Now, this is because they're only opening  up their research API to specific people,  

and those specific people are the  researchers in the United States and Europe.

The company released an initial version of  

its research API to academic researchers  in the United States earlier this year.

An initial version.

This is the first version.

So when you say, oh, this  is the initial report, it's.

Either the 1st.

Port report in a series of reports.

Or it can also mean it's the first draft and  

you expect that there will be  other drafts, other versions.

Because when you launch something,  

when you make it available, generally  you make changes to it based on feedback.

So that's why this is  probably the initial version,  

suggesting there will be future versions as well.

So you can think of initial as  the first, the first in a series.

We use this when you're  thinking of different ideas.

You could say, oh, my initial idea  was to go on vacation to Spain.

That was your first idea.

But then I did some research and I  decided to go to Morocco instead.

So my initial idea, my first idea.

TikTok on Thursday also allowed researchers  

access to its commercial content  API to comply with DSA rules.

So this is where we saw it before, but it  was as the noun form compliance, compliance.

So here to comply with, to follow the rules  and regulations of this DSA, to comply with  

DSA rules on transparency on paid advertising, the  company opened up its database, made it available.

But remember, simply two specific people  

made it available, opened up its database with  information about paid ads and AD metadata.

All right, kind of a technical.

Article.

Don't worry.

About some of these technical terms like  API, focus on the new vocabulary you have.

And now you can also focus on my  pronunciation because what I'll do  

is I'll go to the start of the article  and I'll read it from start to finish.

So you can specifically focus on my pronunciation.

Let's do that now.

TikTok allows Europe to access  research software with ION EU.

Online content rules TikTok on Thursday opened  up its research software to researchers in  

Europe ahead of new EU rules requiring big  tech to do more to police online content.

TikTok, owned by Chinese  technology conglomerate Bytedance,  

is one of 19 online platforms  and search engines subject to  

tougher requirements that will kick in from  August under the Digital Services Act, DSA.

The company said it was still waiting  for the European Commission to set out  

technical conditions for the Application  Programming Interface API for accessing  

its data, but decided to go ahead anyway.

TikTok is proactively rolling out its  research API ahead of further technical  

guidance in launching a commercial content  library ahead of the DSA compliance deadline,  

the social media app said in a statement.

All researchers will need to have their  own TikTok for Developers account and  

be located in the United States or  Europe to access our research API.

The company released an initial version of its  

research API to academic researchers  in the United States earlier this year.

Tiktok on Thursday also allowed researchers  access to its commercial content API.

To comply with DSA rules on  transparency on paid advertising,  

the company opened up its database with  information about paid ads and AD metadata.

Amazing job.

Now let's move on with our next.

Article Our article is called Time Travel.

Let's start the first section.

Time travel took a small step away from  science fiction and toward science.

So you have here is science fiction.

Fiction is the opposite of fact.

So we have two categories.

We have fiction which is not real.

Like Harry Potter?

And then we have nonfiction, which is real,  like a historical biography or autobiography.

I wrote those definitions here.

So time travel took a step away from fiction,  so away from not true and toward true.

Here, notice how we have the  word toward as a preposition.

2 spellings are correct.

You can say toward or towards with an S.

So if you hear someone say towards  with an S, it's not incorrect.

Both of them are grammatically  correct and acceptable.

And towards science recently  when physicists discovered  

that subatomic particles known as neutrinos.

Neutrinos.

Just listen to my pronunciation.

Neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.

So if you exceed something, it  means you've gone beyond it.

Now in this case, they're talking about speed.

So to go beyond means to go faster.

Then if you exceeded your spending limit on  your credit card, you've gone beyond that limit,  

which means you've spent more  money than you have available.

And notice here we have can which is a modal verb  and then we have exceed which is the base verb.

So grammatically you always have modal plus  base verb, not the infinitive can to exceed.

No, just can exceed.

So modal plus base verb can  exceed the speed of light.

So these neutrinos which are subatomic particles,  don't worry, I don't know what a neutrino is.

I don't really know what a subatomic  particle is because I'm not a physicist,  

but I understand that they're particles and  they can go faster than the speed of light.

That is what I know based on the  article The unassuming particle.

Unassuming is an adjective, and when  you describe something as unassuming,  

it means it doesn't attract a  lot of interest or attention.

So maybe you're walking down a  street and there's a restaurant,  

but it doesn't attract your interest or  attention because maybe it's very small.

It doesn't look very nice from the outside.

There isn't a lot of decorations.

The sign for the restaurant is very small, so  you almost don't even notice the restaurant.

So it's an unassuming restaurant,  but you go in and the food is.

Delicious.

But you almost didn't notice  it because it's unassuming.

So these particles, these  neutrinos are unassuming.

They don't attract a lot of attention or  interest, likely because they're just very small.

They're not considered something  that's very important in science.

The unassuming particle, it is electrically  neutral, small, but with a non zero mass.

So this is simply giving us more information about  

what this particle is because the average  person does not know what a neutrinos is.

A physicist knows what this is  but the average person does not.

So this is giving us more  information on this particle.

The unassuming particle, it is  electrically neutral, small,  

but with a non zero mass and able to penetrate.

Now notice here able to penetrate  is something missing from this  

expression and able to penetrate  the expression is to be able to.

That's the full expression.

But notice it is electrically  neutral and able to penetrate.

So when we have and you don't  need to repeat the main verb.

So you can say for example, she is tall and thin.

OK, she is tall and thin.

So you don't have to say she is tall and is thin.

You can get rid of this main verb  and just say she is tall and thin.

The same thing is happening here.

The only difference is instead of  having one simple word like tall,  

we have all of this information.

So it's easy to forget that this is Is also  attached to able to because the expression is not.

Able to it's be.

Able to.

OK, so for example, you can't  say she able to speak Japanese.

You can't say that this is grammatically  incorrect because the verb to be is missing.

So I'll put a :( and an X.

She is able.

To.

Speak Japanese.

So now this is correct because we have  to be able and then you're infinitive.

So that is what's happening here and able to.

But we're using the verb to be for  both sections before and and after.

And so don't forget that with  able to and able to penetrate,  

when you penetrate something,  it simply means you go into.

So let's say I'm putting cream on my skin.

When this, when the cream goes into  my skin and you can no longer see it,  

it means the cream penetrated my skin.

It went into my skin.

So this neutron, this neutrinos  can go into your skin.

It can penetrate the human form undetected,  so you don't see something going.

Into.

Your skin, because they they're not visible,  they're so small that you can't see them.

So that means undetected, not visible, not  known, not visible, or not known, not known.

Undetected is on its way to becoming  a rock star of the scientific world.

When you see this dash here and then  another dash, it means you can remove  

all of the information between the dashes and  the sentence would be grammatically correct.

For example, let me read it  without the information in blue.

The unassuming particle is on its way to  becoming a rock star of the scientific world.

Grammatically correct.

The information between the dashes is  additional supplementary information,  

and in this case, it gives you more  information about what the nutrinos is.

Because as I said, the average  person just doesn't know.

Don't worry about writing all this down because  I summarize everything in the free lesson PDF.

So you can look in the description  below to download the free lesson PDF.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor.

Let's take a look at hurtling.

This means to move very fast, but  it also implies in a dangerous way.

So when these neutrinos were hurtling  through the underground corridor.

So imagine the corridor is going straight  and the neutronos are going very fast,  

but maybe they're banging  against the signs of the walls.

They're crashing into each other,  not in a orderly, straight way.

So you can use this for example  with drivers you might say.

The delivery driver hurdled up my driveway.

So he came up your driveway.

He drove up your driveway.

Very quickly, but also very  dangerously so quickly.

And maybe he's swerving.

There's object here, he's going right for it.

Maybe you're standing here and  he doesn't seem to be stopping.

He hurdled up your driveway.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor  

toward their colleagues or towards remember  their colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

Promptly is an adverb and it means quickly  without delay, but also at the scheduled time.

So for example, the meeting  will start promptly at 9:00 AM.

Often when you schedule a meeting at 9,  

some people might come to the meeting  903905 just a little bit late.

But if you say the meeting  will start promptly at 9 I.

Will.

Start the presentation at 900, not 901 or 902.

Promptly at 9:00.

So immediately at 9:00.

So in this case, the neutrinos arrived promptly.

So we can say quickly without delay.

So promptly in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable.

Let's look at triggered and unthinkable.

So first triggered.

When something triggers something, it  simply means it causes it to start.

So the fact that the neutrinos travelled  so promptly caused something else to start,  

and that something else is that  scientists are now rethinking time travel.

So that's the something you could say, for  example, speaking in public triggers my anxiety.

So speaking in public causes my anxiety.

To start.

I wrote that example here for you.

Now, the unthinkable.

This is when something is just so shocking or  unlikely that it's difficult for you to imagine,  

difficult for you to actually form a picture.

For example, a world without  language would be unthinkable.

Can you even contemplate, can you think about what  life would be like if nobody spoke any language?

Language was not invented.

A human being never uttered, which means spoke,  never uttered a word, never spoke a word, ever.

Could you even imagine how we  would interact with each other?

It's unthinkable, is so shocking and  unlikely we can't even really think about it.

So time travel is another  thing that's just unthinkable.

Can you imagine what life would  be like if we could time travel?

It's unthinkable that everything they  have learnt, known or taught stemming  

from the last 100 years of the physics  discipline may need to be reconsidered.

So this is.

The unthinkable that everything that  physicists know about their discipline,  

they may need to think about it again if time  travel is possible, I want to point out the  

past simple here of the verb learn because  you might be confused as to why it has AT so.

Learnt is the.

Preferred spelling and pronunciation in British  English In American English, which I teach.

The.

Preferred spelling and pronunciation is learned.

So notice we have a soft T here learnt and  then in American learned with a soft D learned.

Both of them are grammatically correct, it's  just two countries prefer two different words.

Everything they have learnt, known or  taught stemming from here to stem from  

simply means come from to come from come from.

So in this case, because it's in the gerund  form, I'll put mine in the gerund form.

Coming from the last 100 years of the physics  discipline may need to be reconsidered.

So when you add re in front of the  verb, it means you do the verb again.

So you need to consider again.

So that means consider again.

Because you add re reconsidered,  we need to consider it again.

So let's say you asked your boss.

For a promotion and your.

Boss said no.

Maybe you could say, can you reconsider  what he can you consider my proposal again?

And most likely he'll say no.

But hey, maybe he'll say,  I guess I could reconsider.

And then you can explain again  why you deserve a promotion.

And maybe this time your boss will say yes.

So it's always possible for someone to reconsider.

Let's continue on the issue at stake.

So at stake is simply when  something is being considered.

So here, the issue being  considered, the issue at stake,  

so being considered is a tiny segment  of time, precisely 60 nanoseconds.

So now they're going to  explain what 60 nanoseconds is,  

because the average person who  is not a physicist does not know.

So 60 nanoseconds is 60 billionths of a second.

So you have one second and then you divide that  one second into billions and you take 60 of them.

For me, I can't really comprehend  what 60 billionth of a second is,  

to be honest, because a second is like that.

And imagine you take 60 billionths of that second.

It would be so, so fast it's unthinkable.

I can't even imagine what that would be.

So notice I just used unthinkable.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second.

This stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

So here they're comparing the speed of  the neutrinos to the speed of light,  

which is just so fast that  you and I, average people,  

can't really comprehend understand how  fast it is because it just happens.

So quickly.

So they're just letting you know  it happened faster than the speed  

of light and this allowing for a margin of error.

They're saying even if our calculation  was incorrect, don't worry.

It's.

Still accurate.

So they accounted for that.

They allowed some miscalculation in their  formula, and the neutrinos are still  

faster than the speed of light even if  their calculation is somewhat inaccurate.

So that's a margin of error.

You'll see this a lot in study,  scientific studies, research studies.

A margin of error of 10 billionths of a second.

The duration of the experiment.

Duration is the length, the  duration of the experiment,  

the length of this experiment,  the entire time of the experiment.

So length or entire time of the  experiment also accounted for.

When you account for something,  you simply consider it.

So they considered that margin of error that  their calculation may be somewhat inaccurate.

So to consider also accounted for considered.

So here.

Accounted for something.

So notice the preposition.

You account for something,  but you consider something.

So we don't use considered for,  it's just considered because we  

don't need the preposition for  and considered and ruled out.

The phrasal verb to rule something out is when you  no longer have something as a possibility, so to.

No longer have an option as a possibility.

So basically it means to exclude  an option to exclude an option.

So let's say you are.

Considering different options, Maybe  you're going to give your team a promotion,  

give them an extra vacation day,  or give them free lunch on Fridays.

Those are your three options to  show your support for your staff,  

but you're going to rule out promotions.

You're going to no longer consider  that as an option because you don't  

have the financial resources to offer  promotions and it's very expensive.

So you're going to rule out promotions.

Now you just have two options to consider.

So they ruled out any possible lunar effects.

Lunar is the moon so effects from the moon because  the moon can influence time and tidal bulges.

I don't know what a bulge is, I  assume it's similar to a wave.

And tidal relates to the tide.

So going when the water goes in  and out that is called the tide.

So tidal bulges in the earth's crust.

So this information is just to let you know that  

their calculation considered many  different factors to understand.

If they are.

Wrong.

And they're still saying even if we take all  of this into account, consider all of this.

The neutrinos are still faster  than the speed of light.

Let's continue.

Nevertheless, the transition word nether the  

nevertheless is used when you  are going to have a contrast.

So here they're talking about all the reasons why  the neutrinos are faster than the speed of light.

But now because I have nevertheless, I  know they're going to introduce evidence  

to say that this might not be true  because there has to be a contrast.

So this is a transition word used  to introduce a contrasting point.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

Skeptical means I'm not sure if I believe  you or I'm not sure if I believe this topic.

I'm not sure if I believe that  we can travel through time.

I'm skeptical, so not sure if the  person can be trusted or believed.

Person or information.

In this case, it's the  information they're presenting.

Information can be trusted or  believed, so I'm skeptical.

I'm not sure.

According to Harvard University  science historian Peter Gallison,  

Einstein, Albert Einstein, of course,  Einstein's relativity theory has been  

pushed harder than any theory in the  history of the physical sciences.

Pushed harder than it means that  every scientist has tried to.

Prove.

That his theory is not correct.

So they've pushed his theory harder than any  theory in the history of the physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge, prior means previous.

So each challenge that had  previously happened prior, previous.

Then you see this a lot in job interviews.

Do you have any prior experience?

Do you have any previous experience?

So let me write that for you.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

So Excel is a a Microsoft  software for organizing data.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

Do you have any previous experience Yet  each prior challenge has come to no avail.

So remember I said they've tried to prove that  Einstein's theory is inaccurate or incorrect,  

but it's come to no avail, which  means they have not been successful.

So no avail means not successful.

Let's review this example.

I asked my boss for a promotion but to no avail.

So notice the expression is.

To.

No avail.

And this means not successful.

So I didn't get the promotion.

My boss said no, but to no avail.

I'm hopeful he'll reconsider.

I'm hopeful that's just another way  of saying I hope he'll reconsider.

So remember, we talked about this, consider it  again and change his decision, but he's skeptical.

I don't know.

I'm not sure if Jennifer's ready for a promotion.

He's.

Skeptical that I'm ready  for a management position.

So here we used a lot of expressions  in one thought, one advanced thought.

Let's continue.

So is time travel just around the corner?

When something is just around the corner,  it means happening soon, happening soon.

So you could say my vacation is just  around the corner happening soon.

So is time travel happening  soon just around the corner?

The prospect.

So the prospect is the idea that Chime  travel is just around the corner.

The prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility.

This simply means moved closer to the realm of  possibility, meaning that something is possible.

So a simple way of saying this is the prospect  has certainly been moved towards possibility.

Now that a major physical  hurdle, a hurdle is an obstacle,  

something that prevents you from achieving a goal.

So an obstacle, hurdle,  obstacle, the speed of light.

So this is the obstacle,  the hurdle for time travel,  

the fact that we need to travel  faster than the speed of light.

And so far nothing has travelled faster than the  

speed of light until these  neutrinos has been cleared.

So to clear the hurdle means to  get rid of it, to eliminate it.

If particles, these neutronos, if  particles can travel faster than light,  

in theory, traveling back in time is possible.

That's unthinkable, isn't it?

How anyone harnesses that to harness something  is when you use something successfully.

To use something success successfully,  use something successfully.

For example, we have now harnessed the  power of the sun through solar panels.

So you put a.

Solar panel on the roof of your house and  it harnesses the sun, the energy of the sun.

It uses that energy successfully  by then heating your house.

So we've already harnessed  many things in our environment.

Why not time travel?

How anyone harnesses that?

So how anyone uses time travel successfully to  

some kind of helpful end is far beyond  the scope of any modern technologies.

OK, so far beyond the scope of.

When something is beyond the scope of, it means  that it is not included in, not included in.

For example, teaching you about  Einstein's theory of relativity  

is beyond the scope of this lesson, which  means it's not included in this lesson.

It doesn't mean it's not important, It's  just beyond the scope of this lesson.

It's not included in this lesson, so it's  beyond the scope of any modern technology.

However.

And will be.

Left to future generations to explore.

When you leave something  to someone, it means that.

You give the.

Responsibility to someone else.

So the future generations now have the  responsibility to take the information  

from this article, the fact that these neutronos  can travel faster than the speed of light and try  

to harness that, try to turn it into something  tangible that we can use and benefit from.

So that's not our responsibility.

We're going to leave that to  future generations to explore.

So that's the end of the article.

What I'll do now is I'll go to the  beginning and I'll read the article  

from start to finish and this time  you can focus on my pronunciation.

Time travel Time travel took a small step away  

from science fiction and towards science  recently when physicists discovered that  

subatomic particles known as neutrinos  can exceed the speed of light.

The unassuming particle,  it is electrically neutral,  

small but with a non zero mass, and able  to penetrate the human form undetected,  

is on its way to becoming a rock  star of the scientific world.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor  

toward their colleagues 730  kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

So promptly, in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable,  

that everything they have learned, known,  

or taught stemming from the last 100 years of the  physics discipline may need to be reconsidered.

The issue at stake is a tiny segment of time,  

precisely 60 nanoseconds, which  is 60 billionths of a second.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second,  

this stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

The duration of the experiment  also accounted for and ruled  

out any possible lunar effects or  tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

According to Harvard University science historian  Peter Gallison, Einstein's relativity theory has  

been pushed harder than any theory in  the history of the physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail,  and relativity has so far refused to buckle.

So is time travel just around the corner?

The prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility  

now that a major physical hurdle,  the speed of light, has been cleared.

If particles can travel faster than light, in  theory, travelling back in time is possible.

How anyone harnesses that to some kind  of helpful end is far beyond the scope  

of any modern technologies,  however, and will be left.

To future generations to explore amazing job.

Now let's move on with our next article, our  headline, The young workers dressing to stand out.

As you can see.

Her outfit really stands out.

Imagine there are all these other workers  and they're wearing a plain white shirt  

and black pants, and she is wearing this  very bright, colorful and vintage outfit.

She would stand out.

The phrasal verb stand out.

This means to be noticeable,  to be noticeable in a group.

So you have a group of different objects and  one of them is more noticeable than the others.

That object stands out.

And it could stand out.

Because of its size, it's bigger than the others  or smaller its colour or other reasons as well.

So to stand out, to be very  noticeable and especially  

compared to other things or even people.

So she stands out because of her  outfit, her outfit, what she's wearing.

Let's continue on.

Traditional thinking has generally been  to dress to fit into the workplace.

Here's another phrasal verb to fit in.

So the phrasal.

Verb is to.

Fit in.

But when you specify the noun, in this case  the workplace, then we add into to fit into.

The workplace, So I'll highlight all of this.

So the phrasal verb to fit.

In is when you have a feeling  that you belong or are accepted.

When you're a new employee, you might not  feel like you fit in or if you're new to a  

neighborhood or a sports team or any group of  people, a new school, that's a great example.

You might not feel like you fit in.

You might not feel like  you belong or are accepted.

And unfortunately a lot of my students don't feel  like they fit in because of their English skills.

So of course to not fit in isn't a good feeling.

You want to feel like you belong and are accepted.

You want to feel like you fit in.

So to fit into the workplace, a feeling  of belonging or being accepted by a group.

So they're saying traditionally you would wear  the same clothes that your Co workers wear.

So you fit in, you have this sense of belonging.

But this person here is doing something different.

She's dressing to stand out, to be more  

noticeable, which could have the  impact that she doesn't fit in.

Let's find out.

But in the pandemic era, these  rules are going by the wayside.

When something goes by the wayside, it means.

It's.

It's gone, It's no longer followed, it's outdated.

And in this case, they're talking about a rule.

So by saying the rule has gone by the wayside,  it means nobody is following that rule anymore.

So here's the definition here.

Now, of course, in our modern era of technology,  

we could say that landlines, phones that are  connected in your house, landlines have gone.

By the wayside.

No one really uses them anymore, right?

So in this case, you can use it.

When you use something, you stop using it or  you stop following a certain rule or practice.

Monica Saleh.

That's the woman here who dresses to stand out.

Monica Saleh doesn't wear your average  business casual clothing at the office.

Instead, the 31 year old software marketing  manager has become well known for her love  

of rare vintage fashion at a large tech  firm where she works in Indianapolis, US.

OK, Vintage, vintage clothing is clothing  from older decades or older generations,  

so from the 50s or 60s or 70s.

So not from this modern time, it's  from a past time or a past generation.

And we can see an example of  vintage clothing here, so.

This.

Pattern.

This color combination was very popular  in I don't know, maybe the 60s or the 70s.

And this shirt was made in the 60s or 70s.

And this represents vintage.

And they also had this adjective here rare.

So a rare, of course, means  not common, difficult to find.

So it's not easy to find clothing  that was made from the 60s or 70s,  

vintage clothing, you have  to go to very special stores.

So, not common, not common, not easy to find.

Now let's take a look.

At her job title, she's a  software marketing manager.

Now, a lot of times I hear  mistakes when students say  

their job title because they don't use an article.

You have to use an article.

I'm a software manager.

I'm an accountant.

So N if you have a vowel sound, and  then ah if you have a consonant sound.

Don't forget that article.

It sounds very beginner English  and you might not fit in.

And you would stand out in a negative way.

You would stand out because it's obvious  that English isn't your first language if  

you make such a basic mistake like forgetting  to put an article in front of your job title.

So don't make that mistake and if you  do want to stand out in the workplace,  

be noticeable for your good qualities,  then I want you to download this free  

speaking guide where I share 6 tips on how  to speak English fluently and confidently.

This is absolutely free.

It's available on my website so you can  just look in the description for the link  

to download it absolutely free and you can also  find the link to download all the notes from.

The lesson in the description below  let's continue on her outfits.

So an outfit is a complete.

Set of.

Clothing that you wear, so it includes  your shirt, your pants, your shoes.

So it's everything that you're  wearing is considered your outfit.

So not just your shirt.

You can only see my shirt now, but  it would be my shirt and my pants.

And even if I had shoes or a purse, all of  that together would be considered an outfit.

So her outfit, the total of  all the clothes she's wearing.

So in her case, the outfit would  include her shirt, her pants,  

You can't really see it, but it looks like  she has some colorful socks, her shoes.

And let's say she was wearing a belt as  well, That would be part of her outfit.

Her outfits are a far cry from the  average plain T-shirt and jeans.

If something is a far cry from something else, it.

Means.

It's very different from, very  different from, very different from.

So it's saying.

That her colleagues just wear, you know, you're  plain white, Gray or blue T-shirt and jeans.

That's your casual business attire, your outfit.

But she wears something very different.

So her outfits, what she wears, the total of what  she wears is very different from other outfits.

It's a far cry from now.

One thing that my students find is  that studying English is a far cry  

from using English in the real world.

So they get comfortable studying  English in the classroom.

But then they get out there, they go to  a party with native English speakers,  

or they go to a meeting or a  networking event or just to work.

And being in the real world and using your  English, communicating with native speakers is a.

Far Cry.

From.

Communicating with your teacher.

In the classroom, and that's why  a lot of students feel like they  

don't fit in and they stand out in a negative way.

They stand out because their accent is too strong  or they use very unnatural expressions, right?

So this is how you can use this expression.

A far cry from.

All right, let's continue.

Her outfits are a far cry from the average plain  T-shirt and jeans she sees among her colleagues.

And she says her bold style has become  a great talking point with them.

When something is a talking point  is just a conversational topic.

It's something you talk about.

That's all that means.

So her outfits are a talking point.

It's something when she sees her  colleagues, they say, oh wow.

Where?

Did you get that shirt?

Tell me more about it.

What generation is it from?

Who designed it?

That's how it's a talking point.

So here's a quote.

So this because we have these quotation  marks here, it means that this woman,  

what's her name again, Monica, this  woman Monica is now saying these words.

So she said having that  opportunity to breakdown walls.

When you breakdown walls, it  just means to eliminate them.

So it's a metaphorical wall.

It's saying here I am and here my colleague  is, and there's a wall between us.

So we don't communicate easily.

But if we eliminate that wall,  if we breakdown that wall,  

then now I can hi, I can easily  communicate with my colleague.

Having that opportunity to break down walls with  

people across different teams  by talking about my outfits.

This is how she breaks down the walls.

So how she initiates conversation with her  

colleagues about her outfits  is pretty awesome, she says.

The company I work for is pretty  large, and ever since I've been here,  

my notoriety has been extended  through my fashion and what I wear.

Being around people who might not  know as much about these designers  

and catching their eye has  always been an icebreaker.

So an icebreaker is a way to  initiate a conversation with someone.

So if you're at a party or a networking  event or even a meeting and there are a  

lot of new people and you've never met  those people, you want an icebreaker.

You want a way to initiate  a conversation with someone.

So at a party, an icebreaker  could be a simple question.

Oh, so how do you know Jane?

If it's Jane's party and you could go up  to each person and that's your icebreaker.

That's how you initiate conversation.

How do you know Jane?

How long have you known Jane?

And you can talk about the host  because both of you know Jane.

So an icebreaker is a way to initiate, which is  a way of saying start to initiate conversation.

For the first.

Time so after you initiate  that conversation then the  

icebreaker is complete all right, let's move on.

Sally is not the only person pushing back  against traditional office wear conventions.

OK, When you push back against  something, it means you resist it.

You say I don't agree with that.

I don't want to do that.

So you resist something to resist something.

So let's say your office has a new policy that  says everyone must wear a suit and a tie to work.

But.

Before you wore jeans and AT shirt.

So a lot of people could be  upset about the change and  

they could push back against because  against is part of the expression.

You.

Push back against something, which means  you say no, I don't want to do that.

I don't agree with that.

I don't think that's a good idea.

That's how you push back against something.

So she's pushing back against your traditional  T-shirt and jeans by wearing this very vintage,  

rare clothing that makes her  stand out, be very noticeable.

So she's not the only person pushing back  against traditional office wear conventions,  

with many showing off their  unconventional office attire.

Attire is another word for outfit.

So you could say office attire or office outfits.

Notice here if you have outfit, you need it with  an S there because there's more than one there.

Outfits.

But attire does not take a possess a plural form.

Sorry.

So you just keep it without the  S Their attire is inappropriate,  

but you would have to say their  outfits are inappropriate.

Remember, you have to conjugate your  verb with whatever the subject is.

So here their attire.

But because it's singular, it represents it.

It is inappropriate.

They're outfits because it's plural,  it's they, they are inappropriate.

OK, but it means the exact same thing.

It's just a different word for it.

And remember, an outfit is the totality  of your clothing of what you're wearing.

So many are showing off.

When you show off, it means that you  just make it known to other people.

So to show off their attire on social media,  well, how would you show off your attire?

You would take a picture of it and you  would post it on social media with a  

headline and a hashtag in an attempt to  have it seen by a large number of people.

So that's how you would show  it off, it being your attire.

Some workers, especially younger ones,  are swapping out mundane white shirt,  

black trouser combos with lux loungewear sets.

All right, lots.

To review here, so first let's.

Talk about our adjectives.

We have mundane, this is very  ordinary, not interesting.

Could be a little bit boring, right,  

'cause if it's very ordinary,  very ordinary, not interesting.

So that really probably represents boring.

So a white shirt, black  trousers, that's pretty mundane.

Everybody wears that.

So it's a little bit boring.

It doesn't stand out, but you probably  fit in pretty easily wearing that.

OK, so that's mundane.

Now Combos is short for combination  Combination, so you can shorten it to combo.

You see this a lot in.

Fast food restaurants McDonald's you  could have a burger with fries and a  

drink that's a combo it's a combination  of three different items into one meal a  

combo OK and then lux is short form  for luxury but in this case we're.

Using it as an adjective.

So what do we need?

Luxurious Notice the pronunciation.

Luxurious.

Luxurious.

So this as you can see, we  have our Lux and we just take.

The short form.

It's not the most common to be honest.

I would personally say luxurious or luxury.

I wouldn't shorten it to lux  but that's what they did here.

OK now our phrasal verb to swap out.

Now you swap out one thing for another thing,  

which means you just replace  one thing for another thing.

So first I had my mundane white T-shirt,  

but I swapped it out for this  flower shirt so I stand out.

OK, so you replace one thing with  another thing are swapping out replace,  

I'll just say replace A with B.

So white T-shirt is A and then these  luxurious loungewear sets, that's B.

So you swap it out and that's  the end of the article.

So perhaps if you want to stand out at work,  you can consider wearing vintage clothing.

That's the moral of the story here.

So now what I'll do is I'll read the.

Article from start to finish and this  time you can focus on my pronunciation.

The Young workers dressing to  stand out Traditional thinking  

has generally been to dress to fit into  the workplace, but in the pandemic era,  

these rules are going by the  wayside for some employees.

Monica Saleh doesn't wear your average  business casual clothing at the office.

Instead, the 31 year old software marketing  manager has become well known for her love  

of rare vintage fashion at the large tech  firm where she works in Indianapolis, US.

Her outfits are a far cry from the average plain  T-shirt and jeans she sees among her colleagues,  

and she says her bold style has become  a great talking point with them.

Having that opportunity to break  down walls with people across  

different teams by talking about my  outfits is pretty awesome, she says.

The company I work.

For is pretty large  

and ever since I've been here my notoriety has  been extended through my fashion and what I wear.

Being around people who might not  know as much about these designers  

and catching their eye has  always been an icebreaker.

Saleh is not the only person pushing back  against traditional office wear conventions,  

with many showing off their unconventional  office attire on social and media.

Some workers, especially younger ones,  

are swapping out mundane white shirt and  black trouser combos for lux loungewear sets.

Amazing job.

Now let's review our last article,  

our headline Lab grown meat beef for dinner  without killing animals or the environment.

So in this picture, as you can see,  this looks like a piece of meat, right?

But clearly.

This is also a lab, so this is meat that was  made in a lab and no animal had to be killed.

Wow, the future is here.

So let's learn about this very interesting topic.

Imagine biting into a juicy burger that  was produced without killing animals.

Let's take a look at this adjective juicy.

It describes the burger.

Notice my pronunciation.

Burger, burger, burger, burger.

Into a juicy burger.

When something is juicy, this is an  adjective that normally describes food,  

and it means it has a lot of juice, which  you can think of as a lot of liquid.

So think of a piece of fruit like a pineapple  and all the liquid in that pineapple.

So a pineapple is juicy, a mango is juicy.

What's another juicy fruit can you think of?

Any others?

Share it in the comments.

So imagine biting into a juicy burger.

And I should note that generally,  in terms of describing meat, juicy.

Is a positive.

Quality.

You want your burger to be juicy.

The opposite is dry.

So let me write this opposite of juicy  is dry because when something is dry,  

there's no liquid at all.

Now, generally this is used as a negative.

Oh, the burger was really dry.

The meat was dry.

It's a negative.

So a juicy burger that was  produced without killing animals.

Notice here we have our ING,  our gerund form of the verb.

Why?

Because without is a preposition  and we use the jaron verb after  

prepositions without killing animals.

Meat grown in a laboratory.

Notice the pronunciation here because there  is a difference between American English,  

which I teach, and British  English in American English.

Laboratory Laboratory.

But notice in the headline they're  referring to lab grown meat.

If you can't remember the correct  pronunciation, just call it a lab,  

because the majority of the  time we do call it a lab.

It's the short form for the word laboratory.

I'm going to the lab.

I need to go to the lab.

Can you drop me off at the lab?

OK.

Meat grown in a laboratory from cultured cells,  

which I imagine is what we see in this image  here, is turning that vision into a reality.

When you turn a vision into a reality is  another way of saying it becomes real.

So right now, for example, Elon Musk is turning  his vision of going to Mars into a reality, right?

Every day, he's getting closer and  closer with the actions that he's taking.

And right now, you, by watching this video  and learning these advanced expressions,  

you're turning your vision of speaking English  fluently and confidently into a reality, right?

So let me write that down for you.

So here it is.

And notice again we have that ING or gerund  verb because we have the preposition of.

I'm turning my vision of speaking  English fluently and confidently into.

A reality and.

If you want more help with that, you should get  this free speaking guide because this guide was  

designed to teach you how to speak English  fluently and confidently in six easy steps.

It's absolutely free.

And you can download it on my website.

The link is in the description.

And you can also download the free lesson PDF  which summarizes everything in this lesson.

The link is also in the description.

OK, let's continue on.

Several startups are developing lab  grown beef, pork, poultry and seafood,  

so these are the different types of meat  that are being developed in the lab.

The laboratory if widely adopted, widely adopted.

This means that many people are using  the product or service and in this.

Case the product is.

Lab grown meat.

So using would be purchasing it, right?

That would mean it's widely adopted.

So many people are using it.

Many people are using it and notice.

If widely adopted, well the subject.

Is lab grown meat but it they  just placed it after but.

You could also say.

If lab grown meat is widely adopted and then  you could continue on with your sentence.

So just an alternative way of writing that.

Lab grown meat also called clean meat.

So this is an alternative name.

Could eliminate much of the cruel, unethical  Treatment of Animals raised for food.

It could also reduce the considerable  environmental cause of meat production.

OK, notice they're using the modal.

Verb.

Could it could reduce the  environmental cost it could eliminate.

They're doing that because this is  right now a hypothetical situation,  

because it it doesn't actually  exist in the market fully.

It's still being developed today.

So could as a modal verb is  used to show possibility,  

possibility or potential possibility,  potential, it doesn't mean it will happen.

And remember, because it's a modal verb, it's  followed by the base verb, not the infinitive.

That's why it's could eliminate  and not could to eliminate.

So modal plus base verb,  that's the sentence structure.

All right, it could also reduce.

The considerable.

This is a nice adjective.

Considerable as an adjective means  large when we're talking about.

The degree.

So how much of an environmental cost is there?

If I say.

There's a considerable environmental cost.

It's a large amount of environmental cost,  

so large an alternative word  for it would be significant.

You could also say significant  environmental cost of meat production.

So you could say in a more everyday context,  I have a considerable amount of work to do.

So it's telling you how much a large amount.

The meat is made by first taking  a muscle sample from an animal.

Of course, muscle.

Now muscles are all over our body.

I'm just pointing at a common one.

I don't have very big muscles,  but there's a muscle there.

Technicians.

These are the people who  work in a lab, a lab tech.

Ah, so we also commonly shorten the  word technician because it's very  

common to casually say I'm a lab  tech, I'm a laboratory technician.

Now, of course, if you're writing your  formal resume, you wouldn't say lab tech.

You would use.

The full form, but in casual  conversation or speech you  

would definitely say, oh, I'm a lab tech.

Technicians collect stem cells from the tissue.

So within muscle there is  tissue and then within that.

Tissue there are.

Cells.

Stem cells from the tissue  multiply them dramatically.

So dramatically is a adverb  like significantly dramatically.

Again, it means.

To a large degree, I could also say.

Considerably as an adverb.

So it means quite quickly in this context  'cause we're talking about multiplying.

So to multiply means you  would go from 2:00 to 4:00,  

four to 88 to 16 and then be on and on and on.

But it does that dramatically.

So it the IT happens very  quickly and in large quantities.

So you could go from 2 stem cells.

To.

1000 stem cells in a small amount of time.

So that would be dramatically and allow  them to differentiate into primitive fibers.

So fibers are like strands of hair almost, but  they're within your your muscle, your tissue.

Fibers that then bulk up in the context of fibers  

or tissue or muscle, bulk  up means to become larger.

So.

You see this a lot in the sports world.

If you're about to go to a sports competition,  

you would probably want to bulk up, which means  you would want your muscles to become larger.

Before your competition, you would go to the gym,  

and you would go to the gym a  lot because you want to bulk up.

It's not just your arm muscles, it  could be muscles all over your body.

And you'll see advertisements on TV for  take this pill and it will help you bulk up,  

which means it will help your you and  your muscles, your body become larger.

So let me just write that to become larger,  

but in the context of your body, your  muscles, to become larger body muscles.

I don't want to bulk up, but some  people clearly do for different reasons.

Then bulk up to form muscle tissue.

Mosa meat says that one tissue sample from a cow  

can yield enough muscle tissue  to make 80,000 quarter pounders.

Wow.

So yield means to produce in the sense  of result in produce result in produce.

Let me write this produce result in.

So one tissue sample can  yield, produce, result in.

80.

1000 burgers.

That's insane.

Quarter Pounder, if you didn't know, is a burger.

It's a burger that is made  with a quarter pound of meat.

A burger made from a quarter pound of meat.

If you like burgers, and if you eat at McDonald's,  

you'll know that a name of a burger  at McDonald's is 1/4 pounder.

You can order 1/4 pounder at McDonald's.

That is a lot of burgers.

Wow, I hope you're enjoying  this lesson and if you are,  

then I want to tell you about  the Finally Fluent Academy.

This is my premium training program where  we study native English speakers on TV,  

movies, YouTube, and the news.

So you can add common vocabulary,  learn advanced grammar, improve  

your listening skills, improve your  pronunciation all at the same time.

Plus, you'll get personalized support from me.

So you can look in the description  for a link on how to become a member.

Let's continue a number.

Of the startups.

I think they used this before.

I didn't mention it.

You probably know this.

It's very common term these days, but a startup  is a company that has recently been established.

It's a very young company.

Young in the sense of it's a new company.

So a company that has recently been established.

A number of the startups say they expect to have  products for sale within the next few years.

Now to be honest, this article is quite old.

I think it's from 2018, so the next few  years could be any day now, this year next.

Year so this.

Is going to be coming to your grocery stores.

What do you think?

Would you buy lab grown meat knowing that it could  

reduce environmental damage and  it could reduce harm to animals?

Is that something that you would want to support?

That's an interesting question.

Share your comments about lab grown meat if you  would want to to eat it or not in the comments.

But clean meat, remember this was an  alternative name to lab grown meat.

But clean meat will have to overcome a number  of barriers if it is to be commercially viable.

So if something is commercially viable,  viable is another way of seeing successful.

And how is something commercially successful?

Well, it has to be profitable.

In order for a company to be viable, successful,  

they need to make enough money to cover  their expenses, which means profitable.

So although they're saying commercially  viable, it's just another way of really  

saying profitable because that is  what a commercially viable company is,  

profitable, but clean meat will have  to overcome a number of barriers.

A barrier is something that  prevents you from getting somewhere.

You might be driving down the road and then you  

get to a bridge and they're  doing repairs to the bridge.

So they put a barrier in front of the  bridge, which could be pylons or just  

a piece of of wood across the the bridge,  but it prevents you from going any further.

It's a barrier.

So you will encounter barriers when  you're commuting, you're driving,  

and you can also count encounter  barriers in terms of problems,  

difficulties, or challenges because they prevent  you from from progressing, from going further.

And overcome is another way of seeing solve.

So you solve, eliminate, overcome,  solve, eliminate, get rid of overcome.

You find the solution too.

Let's continue on to our cost and taste Two to  

what you always have to think  about what you've read before.

And they were just talking  about a number of barriers.

So now they're telling us  about two of these barriers.

So you could absolutely say 2 of  these barriers are cost and taste.

In 2013 when a burger made from lab grown  meat was presented to journalists, the Patty.

This is just another way of saying burger.

The burger Patty.

The burger generally think of  McDonald's or any fast food restaurant.

When you get a burger it has the bun,  

the Patty, and things like ketchup,  mustard, onions, Pickles, cheese.

So all of that together forms a complete  burger, and then the meat in the burger is.

Referred to a Patty the.

Burger.

Patty So that's the piece.

Of meat in a burger.

Let me just write that for you.

Burger Patty.

The piece of meat in a burger.

Because remember, a burger is not just the meat,  it's the bun and all the other toppings as well.

The Patty costs more than $300,000.

Oh, that's one expensive burger to produce.

And was overly dry.

Here we have that adjective.

What's the opposite of dry?

Good test.

You learn this at the beginning.

The opposite of dry is juicy.

And what did I say?

Is DRY a positive thing or a  negative thing to describe?

A.

Burger as dry.

It's a negative thing.

It's a criticism of that burger.

It means it didn't taste very good.

And by saying overly overly  means too much than you wanted,  

so overly more than you wanted or needed,  you could say the meeting was long.

And this is more just stating a fact.

The meeting was long, that doesn't.

Necessarily tell you if that's.

A positive thing or a negative thing,  it's just more of a factual thing.

But if you say the meeting was overly long,  

now this is negative because overly  means more than you wanted or needed.

Let's continue to receive market approval.

Clean meat will have to be.

Proved safe.

To eat so market approval means it's.

Approved to sell at the grocery store.

The government says yes, you can sell  this product at the grocery store.

That would be market approval.

Meanwhile, traditional meat  producers are pushing back.

When you push back on something generally.

A.

Rule a policy, a decision.

It means you're saying no, I don't want that,  or you're saying no, we shouldn't do that.

You're pushing back.

So you're voicing an opposing  opinion to push back,  

voicing an opposing opinion or view or option.

So maybe your boss wants everyone to  work an hour later every single day.

That's his new idea.

Hey team, I have this great idea.

We're all going to work an  extra hour every single day.

But everyone said, no, I'm not doing that.

I don't want to do that.

We shouldn't do that.

That is pushing back.

So the the employees push back.

They said no, I don't want to do that.

We shouldn't do that.

That's a bad idea.

That would be pushing back.

So the traditional meat producers,  the farmers are pushing back,  

arguing that the lab generated products are not  me at all and should not be labeled as such.

So when you go to the grocery  store and you buy a burger,  

they shouldn't say it's meat  if it was grown in a lab.

What do you think?

Do you agree with that?

Despite these challenges, the clean  meat companies are foraging ahead.

So to forge ahead means that they are  continuing or progressing despite difficulties.

So continue progress despite difficulties.

So in English learning context,  you could say learning phrasal  

verbs is very difficult, but I'm going to forge  ahead, which means you're not going to quit.

You're going to continue studying,  continue learning phrasal verbs,  

continue using phrasal verbs even  though there are difficulties involved,  

if they can succeed in creating  authentic tasting products.

So that would be.

A a burger.

Patty that actually tastes like a burger.

It's juicy, it has the flavor, the texture.

That would be authentic, authentic  tasting products that are also affordable.

Remember how expensive?

It was.

Clean meat could make our daily eating habits  more ethical and environmentally sustainable.

And remember, they're again using that  modal could because at this point when  

this article was written, clean meat  was not available in the public.

So this is just a possibility,  possibility or potential.

Clean meat could make our daily eating habits  more ethical and environmentally sustainable.

I personally think this is a very interesting  

topic so I hope you enjoyed the  article in learning about this.

So now what I'll do is I'll go to  the top and I'll read the article  

from start to finish and this time  you can focus on my pronunciation.

Lab grown meat, Beef for dinner without  killing animals or the environment.

Imagine biting into a juicy burger that  was produced without killing animals.

Meat grown in a laboratory from cultured  cells is turning that vision into a reality.

Several startups are developing lab  grown beef, pork, poultry and seafood.

If widely adopted, lab grown  meat, also called clean meat,  

could eliminate much of the cruel,  unethical Treatment of Animals raised for.

Food.

It could also reduce the considerable  environmental cost of meat production.

The meat is made by first taking  a muscle sample from an animal.

Technicians collect stem cells from  the tissue, multiply them dramatically  

and allow them to differentiate into primitive  fibers that then bulk up to form muscle tissue.

Mosa Meat says that one tissue sample from a cow  

can yield enough muscle tissue  to make 80,000 quarter pounders.

A number of the startups say they expect to have  products for sale within the next few years,  

but clean meat will have to overcome a number  of barriers if it is to be commercially viable.

2 are costs and tastes.

In 2013, when a burger made from lab  grown meat was presented to journalists,  

the Patty cost more than $300,000  to produce and was overly dry.

To receive market approval, clean meat  will have to be proved safe to eat.

Meanwhile, traditional meat  producers are pushing back,  

arguing that the lab generated products are not  meat at all and should not be labeled as such.

Despite these challenges, the clean  meat companies are forging ahead.

If they can succeed in creating authentic  tasting products that are also affordable,  

clean meat can make our daily eating habits  more ethical and environmentally sustainable.

Congratulations.

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