Imperatives - How to give commands in English and more!

331,109 views ใƒป 2009-09-29

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hi, this is Alex, and welcome to this lesson on imperatives.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‘ฝไปคใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:08
Now, if you're wondering what the word "imperatives" means, basically, in grammar, imperatives
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ€Œๅ‘ฝไปคใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใŒไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ ใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใ€ๆ–‡ๆณ•ใงใฏใ€ๅ‘ฝไปค
00:15
are simply verbs used to achieve different functions, but they always have the same kind
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ใฏๅ˜ใซใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’้”ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€
00:23
of general role of telling someone what to do, or guiding someone to do something, OK?
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่ชฐใ‹ใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ™ในใใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐŽใใจใ„ใ†ๅŒใ˜็จฎ้กžใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚’ๅธธใซๆŒใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏใ€ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:29
So imperatives are verbs used to give orders or commands, give directions or instructions,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใฏใ€ๅ‘ฝไปค ใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ€ๆ–นๅ‘ใ‚„ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹
00:37
make requests with "please," give advice, suggestions, give warnings, or to invite someone
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ใ€ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใง่ฆๆฑ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ€ ๆๆกˆใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ€่ญฆๅ‘Šใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’
00:45
somewhere.
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ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
00:46
Now, when you use an imperative, you start the sentence with the verb, the base form
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ใ•ใฆใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใจใ
00:51
of the verb, OK?
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ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
00:52
You're not basically indicating any kind of subject, so you're not saying "I, you, we,
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ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€ใ€Œ็งใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ€็งใŸใกใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:59
they."
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ใ€‚
01:00
The subject is implied always to be talking about you, OK?
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ไปถๅใฏๅธธใซ ใ‚ใชใŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆš—็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
01:05
So in imperatives, the subject is you.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใง ใฏใ€ไธป่ชžใฏใ‚ใชใŸใงใ™ใ€‚
01:07
So let's look at some examples to make it easier to understand.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚„ใ™ใใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
01:11
So verbs used to give orders or commands, OK?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
01:16
So what is an order or a command?
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ใงใฏใ€ๅ‘ฝไปค ใพใŸใฏๅ‘ฝไปคใจใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
01:19
For example, if you are taking swimming lessons, your instructor might tell you, "Jump into
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฐดๆณณใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ‚คใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใƒผใฏใ€Œใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซ้ฃ›ใณ่พผใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:26
the pool."
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ใ€‚
01:27
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
01:28
So they are talking to you directly.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏ ใ‚ใชใŸใจ็›ดๆŽฅ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
01:30
They're not saying, "You, jump into the pool."
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใ€ใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซ้ฃ›ใณ่พผใฟใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
01:33
They're saying, "Jump into the pool," and you know they are talking to you.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใซ้ฃ›ใณ่พผใ‚ใ€ ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
You know the command is for you.
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ใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:39
So they use the verb "jump," right?
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
01:42
That's the base form of the verb, "jump," and then followed by a command or an instruction,
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œใ‚ธใƒฃใƒณใƒ—ใ€ใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใงใ€ ใใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใพใŸใฏๅ‘ฝไปคใŒ็ถšใ
01:48
OK?
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ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
01:49
Let's look at the second use of imperatives, and that is to give directions or instructions.
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ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใใ‚ŒใฏๆŒ‡็คบใ‚„ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
01:56
So for example, if you are giving directions to someone on how to get to your home, you
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ่ชฐใ‹ใซๅฎถใพใงใฎ้“้ †ใ‚’
02:03
would tell them, "Go straight on John Street, turn left on Main Street, turn right on King
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ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ธใƒงใƒณ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒˆใ‚’็›ด้€ฒใ— ใ€ใƒกใ‚คใƒณ ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅทฆๆŠ˜ใ—ใ€ใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐ
02:14
Street."
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒชใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅณๆŠ˜ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจไผใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
02:15
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
02:16
So again, you're saying, you're starting your sentences with "go," OK?
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ ใ€Œgoใ€ใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:20
Base form, "turn," base form of a verb, right?
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ๅŽŸๅฝขใ€ใ€Œๅ›žใ™ใ€ ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:24
So you can also use it to give instructions.
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ใใฎ ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
So let's say cooking instructions for a meal, "Add two tablespoons of salt."
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ใงใฏ ใ€้ฃŸไบ‹ใฎ่ชฟ็†ๆ‰‹้ †ใ‚’ใ€Œๅคงใ•ใ˜ 2 ๆฏใฎๅกฉใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:36
So "add," right?
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ใ€Œ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
02:37
Just the base form of the verb, you're beginning the sentence with that, to give directions,
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ใพใ•ใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใงใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’่ชฟ็†ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚„ๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใใ‚Œใงๆ–‡ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:42
instructions on how to cook something.
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ใ€‚
02:45
OK.
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OKใ€‚ ๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—
02:46
You can make requests using imperatives.
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ใฆใƒชใ‚ฏใ‚จใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่กŒใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚
02:49
Now here, when you're making a request, you usually want to use "please."
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ้€šๅธธใ€Œpleaseใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:55
Usually at the end, or maybe at the beginning as well.
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้€šๅธธใฏๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ ใพใŸใฏๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏๆœ€ๅˆใซใ‚‚ใ€‚
02:59
So you can make a request, let's say your job is a teacher as well, and you want your
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ไป•ไบ‹ใŒๆ•™ๅธซใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
03:04
students to read page 52 for homework.
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็”Ÿๅพ’ใŸใก ใซๅฎฟ้กŒใจใ—ใฆ 52 ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
03:08
So you can say that sentence by saying, "Please read page 52.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ใ€Œ52ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่ชญใ‚“ใง
03:15
Please read."
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ€ใใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:16
So again, "read" is the base form of the verb, right?
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใฏๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:20
Plus your request, "Please read page 52."
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ๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ ใ€Œ52ใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
03:24
You're requesting them to do it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅฝผใ‚‰ใซใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆๆฑ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:27
It should be a command or an order, really, but in this case, it's more so of a request
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ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใพใŸใฏๅ‘ฝไปคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใงใ™ ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
03:31
when you're using, when you're adding "please."
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ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใจใใ€ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฎ่ฆๆฑ‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
03:34
OK?
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OK๏ผŸ
03:35
You can use it to give advice or suggestions, OK?
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ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚„ๆๆกˆใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:41
So for example, I'm going to use a negative in this case.
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ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใƒใ‚ฌใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:45
So if I say, "Don't cross the streets," OK?
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ใ€Œ้€šใ‚Šใ‚’ๆธกใ‚‹ใชใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰OK๏ผŸ
03:51
So "cross" is the base form of the verb again.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚นใ€ใฏ ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
03:54
I'm putting "do not" in front of it, OK?
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ใใฎๅ‰ใซใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
03:56
I'm giving advice or suggestion, OK?
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ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚„ๆๆกˆใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
04:00
I'm saying, "Don't cross the streets, otherwise you might get hurt," OK?
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ใ€Œ้€šใ‚Šใ‚’ๆธกใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ใ‘ใŒใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
04:08
You can also give warnings.
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่ญฆๅ‘Šใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:10
So this is kind of similar, essentially, OK?
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆœฌ่ณช็š„ใซไผผใŸใ‚ˆใ† ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
04:16
Do not touch, essentially.
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ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ่งฆใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:18
Do not touch the oven, OK?
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ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ–ใƒณใซ่งฆใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใญใ€‚
04:20
You're giving a warning.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ญฆๅ‘Šใ‚’็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:21
Don't touch that, OK?
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่งฆใ‚‹ใชใ‚ˆใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ ๅ‘ฝไปคๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
04:24
You can invite someone to somewhere by using an imperative as well.
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่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:28
So you can say, "Come to my house at 4 o'clock."
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ใ€Œ4ๆ™‚ใซ็งใฎๅฎถใซๆฅใฆใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:34
That's when a party starts, could be your birthday or grandma's 75th wedding anniversary.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ่ช•็”Ÿๆ—ฅใ‚„ใŠใฐใ‚ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใฎ75ๅ›ž็›ฎใฎ็ตๅฉš่จ˜ๅฟตๆ—ฅใชใฉใ€ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใŒๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™.
04:42
So you can invite someone to somewhere just by, start, I apologize, by beginning with
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใงๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ€่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใซๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‚ˆ
04:47
the verb, right?
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ใญ๏ผŸ
04:48
The base form of the verb, "come."
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ๅ‹•่ฉž ใ€Œๆฅใ‚‹ใ€ใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ€‚
04:50
Come at 7 o'clock, OK?
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7ๆ™‚ใซๆฅใฆใญใ€ใ„ใ„๏ผŸ
04:54
Usually when you're inviting someone, it might be nice to ask "please" as well.
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้€šๅธธใ€่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ๆ‹›ๅพ…ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ ใ€ŒใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใจใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
04:58
So "Please come at 7 o'clock."
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€Œ7ๆ™‚ใซๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ€
05:00
You're inviting someone to go somewhere.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใ‚’ใฉใ“ใ‹ใธ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจ่ช˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
05:02
OK, so let's look at some of the rules now on how we can put these kinds of imperatives
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ใงใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡
05:08
together.
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ใ†ใ€‚
05:10
OK, so let's look into this a little bit more in depth, just to make sure that you understand
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ๅฐ‘ใ—่ฉณใ—ใ่ชฟในใฆใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใฎๅฝขๅผ ใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:16
the form of how to use imperatives.
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ใ€‚
05:18
OK, so if you're speaking in the affirmative, so the positive sense, what, again, what you
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OK ใ€่‚ฏๅฎš็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใง่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’
05:24
use is simply the base form of the verb, OK, plus, you know, the command, the warning,
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ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฏๅ˜ใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚OKใ€ ใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใ€ใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰ใ€่ญฆๅ‘Šใ€
05:30
whatever you want to accomplish, make the request.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆœ›ใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใฏไฝ•ใงใ‚‚ ้”ๆˆ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€่ฆๆฑ‚ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
05:33
So what I have here is "Give me that," right?
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ŒGive me thatใ€ ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
05:38
That's a command for someone to give you something right away, OK?
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใŒ ใ‚ใชใŸใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใใซไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใจใ„ใ†ๅ‘ฝไปคใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ?
05:42
So again, you have the base form of the verb plus, you know, the rest of your command in
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ ๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใซๅŠ ใˆใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฎๆฎ‹ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ณใƒžใƒณใƒ‰
05:47
this case, "Give me that."
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ใ€ŒGive me thatใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:49
So if you're talking in the negative, it's very simple.
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใซ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:53
Just put "do not," OK?
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ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใ ใ‘ใงOK๏ผŸ
05:56
Again, in conversation, "do not" sometimes becomes "don't," so "do not" plus the base
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€ไผš่ฉฑใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใŒใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€ใซ ใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ€Œใ—ใชใ„ใ€
06:03
form of the verb.
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ใซๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
06:05
So the example I have here is "Do not go inside," OK?
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ใ“ใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ไพ‹ ใฏใ€Œไธญใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ใชใ€ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:11
So this is a warning, right?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ่ญฆๅ‘Šใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
06:12
"Do not" plus the base form of "go," which is "go," "do not go inside."
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"do not" ใซ "go" ใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใŸใ‚‚ใฎใงใ€ "go"ใ€"do not go inside" ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:19
You're issuing a warning.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ่ญฆๅ‘Šใ‚’็™บใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:21
And just a reminder, again, that the subject of an imperative is always, it's always you,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใŒใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใฏๅธธใซใ€ๅธธใซใ‚ใชใŸ
06:29
OK?
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:30
You don't have to indicate, you know, I don't have to say, "Alex, give me that."
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ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใใ‚Œใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
06:36
You can, but usually it's implied.
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ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ ้€šๅธธใฏๆš—็คบใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
06:38
If someone looks directly at you and tells you, "Give me that," it's implied that it's
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’็›ดๆŽฅ่ฆ‹ ใฆใ€Œใใ‚Œใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆš—็คบใ—ใฆใ„
06:44
you.
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ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:45
So in writing and in speaking, it's always implied that you are the subject, OK?
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ๆ›ธใใจใใ‚‚่ฉฑใ™ ใจใใ‚‚ใ€ๅธธใซใ‚ใชใŸใŒไธป้กŒใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆš—็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใญใ€‚
06:51
So again, just remember the base form of the verb, to give the command, make the request,
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŸบๆœฌๅฝขใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ๅ‘ฝไปคใ‚’ๅ‡บใ™ใ€่ฆๆฑ‚ใ‚’
06:57
issue the warning, send out an invitation, OK?
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ๅ‡บใ™ใ€่ญฆๅ‘Šใ‚’็™บใ™ใ‚‹ ใ€ๆ‹›ๅพ…็Šถใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:02
So if you'd like to test your knowledge on imperatives, please check out www.engvid.com
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅ‘ฝไปคใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€www.engvid.com ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
07:08
for the quiz.
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ใ€‚
07:09
Again, my name is Alex, take care.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น ใงใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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