Improve your Academic Writing: PASSIVE PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (also great for IELTS & TOEFL!)

130,005 views

2019-08-03 ใƒป English with Alex


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Improve your Academic Writing: PASSIVE PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (also great for IELTS & TOEFL!)

130,005 views ใƒป 2019-08-03

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Hey, everyone.
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใชใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:01
I'm Alex.
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็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
00:02
Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this academic writing lesson.
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ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:06
So, today I will be giving you some very practical skills, practical tools, practical expressions,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹้žๅธธใซๅฎŸ็”จ็š„ใช ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ€ๅฎŸ็”จ็š„ใชใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใ€ๅฎŸ็”จ็š„ใช่กจ็พใ€
00:14
words, phrases that you can use in your academic writing.
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ๅ˜่ชžใ€ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
00:18
So, this might prove useful if you're a high school student, a university student, college
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ€้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿใ€ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿใ€ๅคงๅญฆ็”Ÿ
00:25
student, if you are someone who is writing an IELTS exam or a TOEFL exam, or any type
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ใ€IELTS ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚„ TOEFL ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹็จฎ้กž
00:32
of academic work.
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ใฎๅญฆๆฅญใ‚’ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:34
So, I'm going to tell you the name...
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ๅๅ‰ใ‚’ใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™
00:37
Technical name of these tools that I'm going to give you today in a bit.
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... ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ„ใƒผใƒซใฎๆŠ€่ก“็š„ใชๅๅ‰ใงใ™ ใ€‚ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๅพŒใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:42
First, I just want to start teaching you guys, and after the first six, I'll let you know
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ใพใšใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 6 ใคใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚‰
00:48
on a little secret.
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ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ็ง˜ๅฏ†ใ‚’ใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:49
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:50
"Let you in on the little secret", that's the phrase.
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ใ€Œใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸ็ง˜ๅฏ†ใ‚’ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œ ใŒใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใงใ™ใ€‚
00:54
So, first we have: "be aimed at".
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใพใšใ€Œ็‹™ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
00:59
Let's just stay with me.
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็งใจไธ€็ท’ใซใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
01:00
Let's read the example, and you'll start noticing a pattern.
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ไพ‹ใ‚’่ชญใ‚“ใงใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ใƒ‘ใ‚ฟใƒผใƒณใซๆฐ—ใฅใๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:04
So: "The advertisement was aimed at males between the ages of 18 to 34."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ“ใฎๅบƒๅ‘Š ใฏ 18 ๆญณใ‹ใ‚‰ 34 ๆญณใพใงใฎ็”ทๆ€งใ‚’ๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€
01:12
So, here you're saying the advertisement-the ad, the promotion-was targeted at...
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ใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่จ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€ ๅบƒๅ‘Šใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฒใƒƒใƒˆใซใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™...
01:21
Aimed at males between 18 to 34.
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18 ๆญณใ‹ใ‚‰ 34 ๆญณใพใงใฎ็”ทๆ€ง
01:25
So, if you aim an advertisement, this means you try to put your focus of the advertisement
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ใ‚’ๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ—ใฆใ„
01:34
on a specific group of people, a specific demographic.
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ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ็‰นๅฎšใฎไบบใ€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ ไบบๅฃ็ตฑ่จˆใ€‚
01:38
So, you have, you know, males between the ages of 18 to 34, so this is probably a beer
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18 ๆญณใ‹ใ‚‰ 34 ๆญณใพใงใฎ็”ทๆ€งใŒใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใŠใใ‚‰ใใƒ“ใƒผใƒซใฎ
01:44
commercial or a video game commercial maybe.
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ใ‚ณใƒžใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‹ใ€ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ช ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใ‚ณใƒžใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:48
Next, we have the expression: "to be associated with something or someone".
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ๆฌกใซใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใซ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
01:54
So, if you are associated with something or someone, this means you have a connection
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใจ้–ข้€ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™
02:00
to something or someone.
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ใ€‚
02:02
So, for example: "Drinking milk is often associated with strong bones."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œ็‰›ไนณใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ๅผทใ„้ชจใจ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:10
So this is, you know, what research says or what advertisers want us to believe.
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€่ชฟๆŸป็ตๆžœใ‚„ ๅบƒๅ‘ŠไธปใŒ็งใŸใกใซไฟกใ˜ใ•ใ›ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:16
This could be an argument that you're making in a paper.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ซ–ๆ–‡ใง่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ญฐ่ซ–ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
02:19
So: "Drinking milk is often associated with strong bones" or with having strong bones;
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็‰›ไนณใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใ“ใจใฏใ€ๅผทใ„้ชจใจ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅผทใ„้ชจใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใจ้–ข้€ฃใ—ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:25
has a connection with it.
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ใใ‚Œใจ้–ขไฟ‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:27
Next: "to be based on something".
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ๆฌก๏ผšใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
02:30
Now, this is when you're using, you know, some sort of facts to establish a theory.
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ็†่ซ–ใ‚’็ขบ็ซ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ‚ใ‚‹็จฎใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
02:36
So, "to be based on".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€ŒใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ€ใ€‚
02:38
"The study was based on 10 years of close observation."
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ใ€Œใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใฏใ€10ๅนด้–“ใฎ็ถฟๅฏ†ใช่ฆณๅฏŸใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:44
So, this means that the study, the origin of the study, the facts from 10 years, you
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€็ ”็ฉถใ€็ ”็ฉถใฎ ่ตทๆบใ€10 ๅนด้–“ใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸ
02:51
know, that's what we used to base this study on; to do this study.
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ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใฎๅŸบ็คŽใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ‚’่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใซใ€‚
02:56
The next phrase I want you to remember is: "to be regarded as" or "to be seen as something
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ๆฌกใซ่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏ ใ€ใ€Œใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œไฝ•ใ‹
03:05
or someone".
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ใพใŸใฏ่ชฐใ‹ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:06
So, example: "Albert Einstein is regarded as the premier theoretical physicist of the
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œใ‚ขใƒซใƒใƒผใƒˆ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒณใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใฏ ใ€20 ไธ–็ด€ๆœ€้ซ˜ใฎ็†่ซ–็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„
03:14
20th century."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:15
So, this means people see Einstein as, you know, the premier physicist...
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไบบใ€…ใŒใ‚ขใ‚คใƒณใ‚ทใƒฅใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ไธ€ๆตใฎ็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ...
03:22
Theoretical physicist of the 20th century.
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20ไธ–็ด€ใฎ็†่ซ–็‰ฉ็†ๅญฆ่€….
03:24
They regard him...
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚’ๅฐŠๆ•ฌใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™...
03:25
They hold him in a high position in their minds.
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๅฝผใ‚’ๅฟƒใฎไธญใง้ซ˜ใ„ไฝ็ฝฎใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:28
So, people say this.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:31
You can use this phrase to talk about not just people, but events.
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ใ“ใฎใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฏใ€ไบบใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:35
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
03:36
Like, the Olympics, World Cup, World War II.
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ใ‚ชใƒชใƒณใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ€ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใ€็ฌฌไบŒๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใ€‚
03:39
You know, what was it regarded as?
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ใปใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:42
What were these things seen as by people?
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
03:45
How did people see them?
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ไบบใ€…ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
03:47
"Be defined as" - to give a definition.
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ใ€Œๅฎš็พฉใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ - ๅฎš็พฉใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚
03:50
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
03:51
So: "Darkness is defined as the absence of light."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ้—‡ใฏๅ…‰ใฎไธๅœจใจใ—ใฆๅฎš็พฉใ•ใ‚Œ ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
03:55
If you're a high school student, this type of structure is okay to use.
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้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ— ใฎๆง‹้€ ใงๅ•้กŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:01
Many teachers say: "Don't tell me Webster's Dictionary defines this as blank."
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ๅคšใใฎๆ•™ๅธซใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใฎ่พžๆ›ธใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็ฉบ็™ฝใจๅฎš็พฉใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:06
But, you know, if you're a high school student, you're just learning essays.
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ใงใ‚‚ใ€้ซ˜ๆ ก็”Ÿใชใ‚‰ใ€ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใญใ€‚
04:11
It's important to define your terms; to give definitions, so: "Darkness is defined as the
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็”จ่ชžใ‚’ๅฎš็พฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎš็พฉใ‚’ไธŽใˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ€Œ้—‡ใฏๅ…‰ใฎไธๅœจใจใ—ใฆๅฎš็พฉใ•ใ‚Œ
04:16
absence of light."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:17
I will be using this definition in my paper.
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ใ“ใฎๅฎš็พฉใ‚’่ซ–ๆ–‡ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:20
And, finally, here: "be derived from".
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ€Œๆดพ็”Ÿๅ…ƒใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
04:25
If something is derived from something else, it means it comes from that thing; it originates
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒไป–ใฎไฝ•ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆดพ็”Ÿใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใใฎใ‚‚ใฎ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใซ
04:32
from that thing.
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็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:33
So, for example: "Some medicines are derived from herbs."
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ€Œไธ€้ƒจใฎ่–ฌใฏ ใƒใƒผใƒ–ใซ็”ฑๆฅใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
04:39
They are taken from, they come from those herbs.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒใƒผใƒ–ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅ ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:43
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
04:44
Now, we've looked at six of these.
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ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ†ใกใฎ6ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:47
What do you see that they all have in common?
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใซๅ…ฑ้€šใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏไฝ•ใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
04:49
Okay, they all have: "be", "be", "be", "be", "be"; they all have a past participle verb:
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€Œbeใ€ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใ€ใ€Œbeใ€ใ€ ใ€Œbeใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃ
04:56
"be aimed", "be associated", "be based"; and they all have a preposition.
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ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:01
Now, these are known as passive prepositional verbs.
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็พๅœจใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:06
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉž
05:07
So, now that we've looked at the first six of passive prepositional verbs, we're going
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ใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎ 6 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใฎใงใ€ๆฌก
05:12
to look at another six.
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ใฏๅˆฅใฎ 6 ใคใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:14
And after you look at these, I promise you, your writing will be so much better and so
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸๅพŒใ€็งใฏ็ด„ๆŸใ—ใพใ™ใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใฏใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ•™ๅธซใ‚„ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ชฐใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ€ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซ่‰ฏใใ€
05:19
much more clearer, and so much more formal and professional-sounding to your teachers
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆญฃๅผ ใงใƒ—ใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ทใƒงใƒŠใƒซใช้Ÿฟใใซใชใ‚‹
05:23
or whoever you're writing for.
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ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.
05:26
So, let's look at six more.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ6ใค่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:28
Okay, so six more.
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ใ‚ˆใ—ใ€ใ‚ใจ6ใคใ€‚
05:31
Now, first we have: "be divided into".
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใพใšใ€Œๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:34
So, something is divided - it is separated.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅˆ†ๅ‰ฒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ - ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆ†้›ขใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:39
For example: "Canada is divided into provinces and territories."
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ไพ‹: ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€ใฏๅทž ใจๆบ–ๅทžใซๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:46
Very clear.
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้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใชใ€‚
05:47
Next: "be involved in".
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ๆฌกใธ๏ผšใ€Œ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
05:50
So, you have involvement in something.
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใซ้–ขไธŽใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:54
For example: "J. Robert Oppenheimer was the primary figure involved in the creation of
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ไพ‹: ใ€ŒJ. ใƒญใƒใƒผใƒˆ ใ‚ชใƒƒใƒšใƒณใƒใ‚คใƒžใƒผใฏใ€ๅŽŸๅญ็ˆ†ๅผพ ใฎไฝœๆˆใซ้–ขไธŽใ—ใŸไธป่ฆใชไบบ็‰ฉใงใ—ใŸ
06:02
the atomic bomb."
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ใ€‚ใ€
06:05
Very clear as well, I hope.
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซ้žๅธธใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใงใ™ใ€็งใฏ้ก˜ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:07
"Be known as".
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ใ€Œใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
06:09
If you are known as something, this is your primary identity or one of your main identities.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใจใ—ใฆ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ไธป่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใพใŸใฏไธป่ฆใชใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใฎ 1 ใคใงใ™ใ€‚
06:16
For example: "The Wright Brothers are popularly known as the pioneers of human flight."
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ไพ‹: ใ€Œใƒฉใ‚คใƒˆๅ…„ๅผŸใฏ ใ€ไบบ้กžใฎ้ฃ›่กŒใฎใƒ‘ใ‚คใ‚ชใƒ‹ใ‚ขใจใ—ใฆๅบƒใ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:25
Those of you who are watching from Brazil - that's just popularly known.
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ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ ๅ‘จ็Ÿฅใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใงใ™ใ€‚
06:29
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
06:30
I know about the other guy.
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็งใฏไป–ใฎ็”ทใฎใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:32
So, "be prejudiced against".
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ€ใ€‚
06:35
I love you Brazil.
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็งใฏใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใ‚’ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:36
Love you.
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ๆ„›ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
06:37
"Be prejudiced against": "Humans are often prejudiced against people they do not understand."
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ใ€ŒBe prejudiced againstใ€: ใ€Œไบบ้–“ใฏ ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
06:45
So, if you're prejudiced against somebody or some group of people, you have, like, a
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใพใŸใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ็”Ÿใพใ‚ŒใชใŒใ‚‰ใฎ
06:51
natural discriminatory attitude; you discriminate against this group, you hold strong negative
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ๅทฎๅˆฅ็š„ใชๆ…‹ๅบฆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ๅทฎๅˆฅใ—ใ€ๅฝผใ‚‰ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅผทใ„ๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช
06:58
feelings towards them.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:00
So, people are often prejudiced against people they do not understand.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ไบบใ€…ใฏ็†่งฃใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบใซๅฏพใ—ใฆๅ่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŠฑใใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:04
"Be required for".
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ใ€Œๅฟ…่ฆใจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
07:06
So, something is required; it is necessary for something.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ•ใ‹ใซๅฟ…่ฆ ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:11
So: "Regular sleep is required for good health."
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€ŒๅฅๅบทใฎใŸใ‚ใซใฏๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใช็ก็œ ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
07:15
You need to sleep regularly; it's a necessity to have good health.
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ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซ็œ ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅๅบทใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
07:21
And, finally: "be used in".
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚
07:26
So: "Flamethrowers"-which basically big guns that shoot fire-"were first used in World
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ็ซ็‚Žๆ”พๅฐ„ๅ™จใ€-ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซ็ซใ‚’ๆ”พใคๅคงใใช้Šƒ-ใฏ ใ€Œ็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆใงๆœ€ๅˆใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ
07:34
War I".
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ใ€.
07:36
Okay.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
07:37
So, I have given you guys 12 passive prepositional verbs.
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€็งใฏ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ12ๅ€‹ใฎๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใชๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ—ใŸ .
07:45
You can use these in your academic essays, you can use this on your TOEFL exam, on your
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ใ‚ขใ‚ซใƒ‡ใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏ ใ‚จใƒƒใ‚ปใ‚คใง ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€TOEFL ่ฉฆ้จ“ใ‚„ IELTS ่ฉฆ้จ“ใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™
07:51
IELTS exam.
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ใ€‚
07:52
And if you're wondering: "Okay.
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใชใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
07:54
This all still seems kind of confusing.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใพใ ๅฐ‘ใ—ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:56
What do you mean, 'passive'?"
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ใ€Œๅ—ๅ‹•็š„ใ€ใจใฏใฉใ†ใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
07:58
Well, we have a lot of videos on engVid where you can study, you know, what the construction
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ใˆใˆใจใ€engVid ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ– ใฎๆง‹้€ ใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
08:03
of the passive is.
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ใ€‚
08:05
Very quickly I can tell you the passive always has a form of the verb "to be", there's always
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ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ใซใฏๅธธใซ ใ€Œto beใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅฝขใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
08:10
a past participle.
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ๅธธใซ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:11
The only difference in these ones is that we're adding a preposition to the passive
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ”ฏไธ€ใฎ้•ใ„ใฏ ใ€ๅ—ๅ‹•ๆ…‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใซๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
08:16
verbs.
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ใ€‚
08:17
Okay?
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ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ
08:18
And these are all specifically, you know...
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ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™...
08:20
Designed specifically formal...
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็‰นๅˆฅใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆญฃๅผใช...
08:23
Fixed formal expressions, formal phrases that you can use in your academic writing, or even
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ๅ›บๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆญฃๅผใช่กจ็พใ€ ๅญฆ่ก“่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅญฆ่ก“ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๆญฃๅผ
08:29
academic presentations as well.
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ใชใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บ.
08:32
Right?
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ๅณ๏ผŸ
08:33
Now, I suggest, because it's very important to remember which verbs...
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ใ•ใฆใ€ใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใใ“ใจใŒ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€
08:38
Which past participle goes with which preposition: Watch this video again if you think it's a
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ใฉใฎ้ŽๅŽปๅˆ†่ฉžใŒใฉใฎๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžใจไธ€่‡ด ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ใŠ
08:44
little weird for you now; and after you watch it again and you remember everything, check
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ๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ ใฆใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ฆšใˆใŸใ‚‰
08:49
out the quiz on www.engvid.com.
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ใ€www.engvid.com ใงใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใซๆŒ‘ๆˆฆใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:52
And while you're on www.engvid.com and if you want to support what we do here financially,
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ใพใŸใ€www.engvid.com ใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใซ ใ€็งใŸใกใŒใ“ใ“ใง่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฒกๆ”ฟ็š„ใซๆ”ฏๆดใ—ใŸใ„
08:57
you can donate at the "Support" link, and we appreciate every donation we receive.
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ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ€ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฏ„ไป˜ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ—ใ‘ๅ–ใฃใŸใ™ในใฆใฎๅฏ„ไป˜ใซๆ„Ÿ่ฌใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:02
And, also, if you want to follow me, you can check me out on Facebook, you can check me
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ใพใŸใ€็งใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใŸใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Facebook ใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
09:07
out on Twitter, subscribe to my YouTube channel.
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Twitter ใงใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
09:10
If this is your first video - hey.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใชใ‚‰ - ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ€‚
09:12
How are ya?
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ๅ…ƒๆฐ—๏ผŸ
09:14
Nice to meet you?
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ใŠไผšใ„ใงใใฆๅฌ‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™๏ผŸ
09:15
Lots of videos up on my channel; most of them I speak better than what I am right now, so
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็งใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฏใ€ ็งใŒไปŠใ‚ˆใ‚ŠไธŠๆ‰‹ใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€
09:22
check out those videos.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:23
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:24
And til next time, you guys know what I'm going to say, right?
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ใใ—ใฆๆฌกๅ›žใพใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŸใกใฏ็งใŒไฝ•ใ‚’่จ€ใŠใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ
09:27
Say it for me.
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็งใฎใŸใ‚ใซ่จ€ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
09:28
Until next time...
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ๆฌกๅ›žใพใง...
09:29
Yeah, thanks for clicking.
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ใฏใ„ใ€ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:31
See ya.
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ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ‚ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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