Spelling - Rules for Third Person 'S'

390,917 views ใƒป 2013-06-19

English with Alex


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi guys. I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on spelling rules for
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€ใฟใ‚“ใชใ€‚ ็งใฏใ‚ขใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„
00:08
the third person present simple. In English, the third person is very special in the present
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใฎ็พๅœจใฎใ‚ทใƒณใƒ—ใƒซใชใ‚นใƒšใƒซ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชž ใงใฏ
00:14
simple because, well, the verb is different than when you say "I", "you", "we", or "they".
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ใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ ใ€ŒIใ€ใ€ใ€Œyouใ€ใ€ใ€Œweใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œtheyใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใจใใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€็พๅœจๅ˜็ด”ๅฝขใงใฏไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใฏ้žๅธธใซ็‰นๅˆฅใงใ™ใ€‚
00:22
For example, if we look at the verb "start", we say, "I start" in the present simple, "you
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใ€Œstartใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ ใจใ€ใ€ŒI startใ€ใฏ็พๅœจๅฝขใงใ€ใ€Œyou
00:28
start" in the present simple, and then we say "we start" and "they start". However,
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startใ€ใฏ็พๅœจๅฝขใง่จ€ใ„ใ€ๆฌกใซ ใ€Œwe startใ€ใจใ€Œthey startใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€
00:33
for the third person, which is "he", "she", or "it", we say, "he starts", "she starts",
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ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใซใคใ„ใฆใฏใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๅฝผๅฅณใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€
00:42
"it starts". Okay. Today we're going to look at some spelling rules for this third person
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ใ€Œใใ‚ŒใŒ้–‹ๅง‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ ใ€ใ“ใฎไธ‰ไบบ็งฐ S ใฎใ‚นใƒšใƒซ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™
00:49
S. Now, those of you who have been studying English for a while know that we usually add
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ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง ใ€ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–นใฏใ€้€šๅธธ
00:55
an "s" or an "es" or an "ies" to the end of a verb when we're writing it in the third
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ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œesใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œiesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใงๆ›ธใใจใใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
01:02
person. So today, we're going to look at these rules. And if you're wondering, well, "When
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ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใ„ใค
01:07
do I add "es"" "When do I add just "s"", this is what this lesson is for. We're not going
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ใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€Œsใ€ใฎใฟใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใจ็–‘ๅ•ใซๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ ใŒใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:13
to focus so much on the pronunciation part of it. That will be saved for another lesson.
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็™บ้Ÿณใฎ้ƒจๅˆ†ใซใฏใ‚ใพใ‚Š็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ› ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅˆฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใŸใ‚ใซไฟๅญ˜ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
01:18
Today, I just want to look at the written part and tell you how to write these things.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚ŒใŸ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ›ธใๆ–นใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:24
So No. 1, we have four verbs. We have "start", "stand", "work", "read". In the first person
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1 ็•ช็›ฎใซใ€4 ใคใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็ซ‹ใคใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅƒใใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ไบบ็งฐ
01:35
we say: "I start"; "I stand"; "I work"; "I read"; but in the third person, as most of
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ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ "็งใฏ็ซ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™"; "็งใฏๅƒใ"; "็งใฏ ่ชญใ‚€"; ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธ‰ไบบ็งฐใงใฏใ€ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎไบบ
01:42
you likely know, we have to say: "starts", "stands", "works", "reads", right? So for
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ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ€Œๅง‹ใพใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ ใ€Œ็ซ‹ใคใ€ใ€ใ€Œๅƒใใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่ชญใ‚€ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‚ˆใญ๏ผŸ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ
01:51
most verbs in the English language, we just add "s" to the ends of the base form of the
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ใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใง ใฏใ€ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๅŽŸๅฝขใฎๆœซๅฐพใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘
01:58
verb. So I'm just going to write that here. Add "s" at the end of most verbs. Okay? Now,
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ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใ ใ‘ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใŠใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸ๏ผŸ ใ•ใฆใ€
02:14
I don't want to give you a rule that says, "at the end of all consonants", or "at the
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ใ€Œใ™ในใฆใฎๅญ้Ÿณใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
02:19
end of all vowels", because it's not true. So that's why I said at the end of "most"
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ใ™ในใฆใฎๆฏ้Ÿณใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่ฆๅ‰‡ใฏไธŽใˆใŸใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใใ‚Œใฏ็œŸๅฎŸใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ใ€Œใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎใ€
02:24
verbs we just add "s". Now, we have No. 2. We have, "catch", "smash",
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ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€No.2ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฃใƒƒใƒใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใƒžใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใ€
02:31
"pass", "fix", "buzz". To these five verbs, we actually have to add "es". So we say, "he"
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใ‚นใ€ใ€Œใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ€ใ€Œใƒใ‚บใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 5 ใคใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใซใ€ ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œๅฝผใ€
02:40
or "she" or "it catches." "He" or "she" or "it smashes." "He" or "she" or "it passes,
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ใจใ‹ใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใจใ‹ใ€Œๆ•ใพใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใพใŸใฏ ใ€Œใใ‚ŒใŒๅฃŠใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฝผใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฝผๅฅณใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏ้€š้Žใ—ใ€
02:51
fixes, and buzzes." So we add "es". So what's the rule here? Well, if you look at the end
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ไฟฎๆญฃใ—ใ€ใƒ–ใƒผใƒณใจ้ณดใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใ€‚ ใใ“ใงใ€ใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏ ใ€ใ“ใ“ใงใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใฎๆœซๅฐพใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจใ€
02:59
of each verb, we have "ch", "sh", "s", "x", "z". Any time -- any verb that ends in "ch",
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ใ€Œchใ€ใ€ใ€Œshใ€ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ€ใ€Œxใ€ใ€ ใ€Œzใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚ -- ใ€Œchใ€ใ€
03:08
"sh", "s", "x", or "z" -- or "zed", depending on if you're British or American -- just add
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ใ€Œshใ€ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ€ใ€Œxใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œzใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉž -- ใพใŸใฏใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฎใƒชใ‚นไบบใ‹ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบใ‹ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€Œzedใ€ -- ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใ€
03:16
"es". So the rule is: Add "es" to verbs that end with "ch", "sh", "s", "x", or "z" or "zed".
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" ใ‚จใ‚นใ€ใ€‚ ใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œchใ€ใ€ใ€Œshใ€ใ€ใ€Œsใ€ใ€ใ€Œxใ€ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œzใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œzedใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใซใฏใ€Œesใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:45
Okay, now let's look at another list of verbs, and these are verbs that end in "y". And we
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ใงใฏใ€ๅˆฅใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€Œyใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€
03:52
actually have two categories of them. We have No. 3, No. 4, "study", "hurry", "carry", "stay",
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏ2ใคใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ No.3ใ€No.4ใ€ใ€Œๅญฆใถใ€ใ€Œๆ€ฅใใ€ใ€Œ้‹ใถใ€ใ€Œใจใฉใพใ‚‹ใ€
04:01
"enjoy", "decay". Now, all these verbs end in "y", but they do have a difference for
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ใ€Œๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใ€ใ€Œ่กฐใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ‹•่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆ ใ€Œyใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใ”ใจใซ้•ใ„ใŒ
04:07
each category. In this one -- "study", "hurry", "carry" -- each verb actually ends in a consonant
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ "study"ใ€"hurry"ใ€ "carry" ใงใฏใ€ๅ„ๅ‹•่ฉžใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏๅญ้Ÿณ
04:16
plus a "y". So "d", "r", and "r" again are consonants. So when we have a consonant +
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ใจ "y" ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€Œdใ€ใ€ใ€Œrใ€ใ€ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ€Œrใ€ใ‚‚ ๅญ้Ÿณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๅญ้Ÿณ +
04:26
"y" you must change the "y" to "i" and add "es". So we have "studies", "hurries", and
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"y" ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€"y" ใ‚’ "i" ใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ—ใ€"es" ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆ€ฅใ„ใงใ€ใ€
04:37
"carries". And I apologize -- basically, all you have to do -- imagine this is not here,
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ใ€Œใ‚ญใƒฃใƒชใƒผใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็”ณใ—่จณใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใซใฏใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ“ใ“ใซใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆ
04:45
right? Erase the "y"; add "ies". So the rule is: We add -- sorry -- we remove "y" and add
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ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ€Œyใ€ใ‚’ๆถˆๅŽปใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ‚คใ‚นใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใƒซใƒผใƒซ ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๅญ้Ÿณ + "y" ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€"y" ใ‚’ๅ‰Š้™คใ—ใฆ "ies" ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—
05:01
"ies" when the verb ends with a consonant + "y". Okay. And this should give you an idea
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œ
05:26
about what the rule is for the next one. So here, we have three verbs that end in "y",
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ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใŒไฝ•ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™. ใ“ใ“ใซใ€ใ€Œyใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒ 3 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ
05:33
but they end in a vowel + "y" -- vowel, "a-o-a". So when you have this, simply add "s". So
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ใ€ๆฏ้Ÿณ + ใ€Œyใ€ -- ๆฏ้Ÿณใ€ใ€Œa-o-aใ€ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ˜ใซใ€Œsใ€ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:43
we have: "stays", "enjoys", "decays". So the rule for this -- unlike the consonant + "y"
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œใจใฉใพใ‚‹ใ€ใ€ใ€Œๆฅฝใ—ใ‚€ใ€ใ€ใ€Œ่กฐใˆใ‚‹ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ใ“ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใฏใ€ๅญ้Ÿณ + "y" ใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€
05:53
-- is: Add "s" when the verb ends with a vowel + "y". That's it.
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ๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ๅ‹•่ฉžใŒๆฏ้Ÿณ + "y" ใง็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ "s" ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ— ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใงใŠใ—ใพใ„ใ€‚
06:14
Okay, guys. If you'd like to test your understanding of this material, if you'd like to improve
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ่ณ‡ๆ–™ใฎ็†่งฃๅบฆใ‚’ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆ
06:20
your spelling, you can check out the quiz on www.engvid.com. Good luck.
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ใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚นใƒšใƒซใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€www.engvid.com ใฎใ‚ฏใ‚คใ‚บใ‚’ใƒใ‚งใƒƒใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ๅนธ้‹ใ‚’ใ€‚
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