Prepositional Phrases: Master Them in Minutes!

3,027 views ใƒป 2025-01-26

English Like A Native


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
What is a prepositional phrase?
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ืžื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก?
00:03
Hello everyone, Anna here from English Like a Native.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช Like a Native.
00:07
Today we're tackling another essential building block of
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ
00:12
English, prepositional phrases.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:15
By the end of this video, you'll not only know what prepositional phrases are, but
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืชื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก, ืืœื
00:22
you'll also know how to identify them, use them and avoid common mistakes.
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ื’ื ืชื“ืขื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
00:30
To make the most of this lesson, be sure to download your worksheet that contains
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืจื‘ ืžื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงืคื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ
00:36
lots of exercises for you to explore.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
00:40
I'll leave the link in the description.
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ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ.
00:42
Let's dive straight in.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืฆืœื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
00:45
What is a prepositional phrase?
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ืžื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก?
00:48
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก
00:54
and ends with a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition.
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ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืขืฆื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืฉื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
01:02
Together they provide extra information about time, place,
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ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืงื•ื,
01:08
direction, cause, manner or other relationships in the sentence.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืคืŸ ืื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
01:14
Think of prepositional phrases as Sentence decorators.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื›ืขืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
01:20
They add flavour and detail, helping you to answer questions
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ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช
01:25
like where, when or how.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืคื”, ืžืชื™ ืื• ืื™ืš.
01:30
Here's the formula.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”.
01:32
Preposition plus object of the preposition, which is a noun or a pronoun.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ืคืœื•ืก ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฆื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™.
01:39
Let's see some examples.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
01:41
On the table.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
01:44
The preposition is on.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืคืขืœืช.
01:47
The object of the preposition is the table.
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ืžื•ืฉื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื”.
01:53
Under the bed.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื”.
01:55
The preposition is under.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืชื—ืช.
01:58
The object of the preposition is the bed.
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ืžื•ืฉื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.
02:03
With her friends.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:06
The preposition is with.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื ืขื.
02:09
The object of the preposition is her friends.
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ืžื•ืฉื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
02:14
So what do prepositional phrases do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก?
02:18
Prepositional phrases work in two main ways.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
02:23
As adjectives, they describe or modify nouns.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ, ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื.
02:28
Think of them as answering the question.
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ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
02:31
Which one?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื?
02:33
Here's an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:35
The book on the shelf is mine.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™.
02:40
The phrase on the shelf tells us which book.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคืจ.
02:46
They also act as adverbs.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ืชืœื™ื.
02:48
They describe or modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
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ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืคืขืœื™ื, ืชืืจื™ื ืื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:55
Think of them as answering questions like, How?
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ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•, ืื™ืš?
02:59
Where?
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ืึตื™ืคึนื”?
03:00
Or when?
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ืื• ืžืชื™?
03:01
Here's an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
03:03
She runs in the park every morning.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
03:08
The phrase in the park tells us where she runs.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื”.
03:15
Why are prepositional phrases important?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื?
03:18
Prepositional phrases make your sentences more precise and descriptive.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:24
They give extra details that help the listener or reader paint a clear picture.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืงื•ืจื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
03:30
Let's compare.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื•ื•ื”.
03:32
Without a prepositional phrase: She sat.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก: ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื”.
03:37
With a prepositional phrase: She sat on the chair by the window.
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ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ืก: ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
03:43
See how the second sentence gives you a much clearer idea of the setting.
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ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
03:50
That's the magic of prepositional phrases.
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ื–ื” ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก.
03:53
So, how do you identify a prepositional phrase?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก?
03:57
Step one, look for the preposition.
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ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
04:01
Common prepositions include in, on, at, with, by, under,
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘, on, at, with, by, under,
04:09
over, for, to, of and about.
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over, for, to, of and about.
04:15
Step 2.
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ืฉืœื‘ 2.
04:16
Find the object of the preposition.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
04:20
It's usually a noun or pronoun that comes right after the preposition.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
04:27
And step three, group them together.
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ื•ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“.
04:30
The preposition and its object, along with any modifiers,
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
04:35
form the prepositional phrase.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก.
04:38
Let's practice.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืืžืŸ.
04:40
The cat is sleeping under the table.
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
04:44
The preposition is under.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืชื—ืช.
04:48
The object is the table.
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ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
04:51
The prepositional phrase is under the table.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืœื”.
04:56
We're going to the beach.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
04:59
The preposition is to.
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ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื ืœ.
05:03
The object is the beach.
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
05:06
The prepositional phrase is to the beach.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
05:11
Now here are some common mistakes with prepositional phrases.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก.
05:15
Mistake number one.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช.
05:17
Overusing prepositional phrases.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก.
05:21
Too many prepositional phrases in one sentence can make it clunky and confusing.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
05:28
For example, The cat on the mat under the table by the window
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ
05:33
with the curtains is sleeping.
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ืขื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืŸ.
05:37
Here's a better version.
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ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:39
The cat on the mat by the window is sleeping.
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ.
05:45
Keep it simple.
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ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
05:46
Only include the prepositional phrases that add the important details.
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ื›ืœื•ืœ ืจืง ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
05:53
Mistake number two is misplacing prepositional phrases.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื—ืก.
05:59
The placement of a prepositional phrase can sometimes change
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช
06:02
the meaning of a sentence.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜.
06:05
Here's an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
06:06
She saw the man with the telescope.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
06:10
Hmm, does she have the telescope or does the man have the telescope?
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ื”ืžืž, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค?
06:16
It's unclear, so here's a better version.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื– ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืกื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:19
Using a telescope, she saw the man.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ.
06:23
OK, let's get some practice.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืชืืžืŸ ืงืฆืช.
06:26
I'll say a sentence and you'll identify the prepositional phrase.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืืชื” ืชื–ื”ื” ืืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
06:30
Ready?
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ืžื•ึผื›ึธืŸ?
06:32
The book on the table belongs to Sarah.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉืจื”.
06:36
Can you identify the prepositional phrase?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก?
06:40
It is on the table.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
06:44
Here's the next one.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื.
06:46
We went to the park after school.
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืคืืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.
06:54
The prepositional phrase is to the park.
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ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ืœืคืืจืง.
06:58
Here's another.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
07:00
The gifts under the Christmas tree are beautifully wrapped.
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ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืคื”.
07:08
The
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
07:09
answer is under the Christmas tree.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“.
07:12
Now it's your turn.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื•ืจื›ื.
07:13
I want you to write a short paragraph using at least
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืกืงื” ืงืฆืจื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
07:18
three prepositional phrases.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
07:21
Here's an example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
07:23
Yesterday we had a picnic by the river.
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ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
07:27
The kids played in the water while we relaxed under the trees.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืจื’ืขื ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฆื™ื.
07:34
Put your paragraph in the comments and then download your free worksheet
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ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœืš
07:39
that's linked below for more practice.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
07:42
Prepositional phrases are the secret to adding detail and life to your sentences.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืกืคืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
07:49
Practice using them but remember to keep them clear and concise.
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ืชืจื’ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืš ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื™ื.
07:55
The next step is to deepen your knowledge of noun phrases.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืขืฆื.
08:01
You can head to this lesson for a better understanding.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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