Expressing - WHO, WHAT, WHEN, HOW, WHY in the English language. Learn English (Mr Duncan) LESSON 15

3,892 views ใƒป 2025-03-07

English Addict with Mr Duncan


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

00:01
There are many ways of expressing action in English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏๅ‹•ไฝœใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
00:04
We can state a moment when something is happening, using different statements to express the thing that is making it happen.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใ‚’ใ€ใ•ใพใ–ใพใชใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผ•ใ่ตทใ“ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใง่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
00:13
The movement that can be seen, the moment it occurs, the way it is happening, and the reason it is occurring.
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็›ฎใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ๅ‹•ใใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆง˜ๅญใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚ŒใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใ€‚
00:23
Put simply; we are stating
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€่ชฐใŒใ€ไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ„ใคใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใใ—ใฆใชใœใ€ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™
00:26
who, what, when, how and why.
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ใ€‚
00:36
First we will look at โ€˜whoโ€™ In this statement we are stating the identity of the main thing involved.
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ใพใšใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎๅฃฐๆ˜Žใงใฏใ€้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ไธปใชใ‚‚ใฎใฎๆญฃไฝ“ใ‚’่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:44
This can be one thing or many things.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ 1 ใคใฎใ“ใจใงใ‚‚ใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ“ใจใงใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:47
One person or many people.
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ไธ€ไบบใงใ‚‚่ค‡ๆ•ฐไบบใงใ‚‚ใ€‚
00:50
A single object or many objects.
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ๅ˜ไธ€ใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใพใŸใฏๅคšๆ•ฐใฎใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใ€‚
00:54
In this example, we will look at โ€˜whoโ€™. A person is involved.
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ใ“ใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ไบบใŒ้–ขใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚
01:00
The action involves a person.
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ใใฎ่กŒ็‚บใซใฏไบบใŒ้–ขไธŽใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:03
Human actions without identity will always use โ€˜whoโ€™ or โ€˜whomโ€™.
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ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใฎใชใ„ไบบ้–“ใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใฏๅธธใซใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:10
If the main thing involved is an object, then we will say โ€˜whatโ€™.
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้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ไธปใชใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ชใƒ–ใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:15
โ€˜Who did that?โ€™ or โ€˜what did that?โ€™
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ใ€Œ่ชฐใŒใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:19
โ€œWho stole my bike?โ€ โ€œWhat made that noise?โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใฎ่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ใฎใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒใใฎ้Ÿณใ‚’็ซ‹ใฆใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
01:24
We will often use these in the form of a question, asking for the identity of a person or commenting on someone generally will also use โ€˜whoโ€™ as the subject.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ่ณชๅ•ใฎๅฝขใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅคšใใ€ไบบใฎ่บซๅ…ƒใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚Šใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ‚’ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:37
โ€œWho is that?โ€ โ€œI don't know who they are.โ€
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"ใใ‚Œใฏ่ชฐใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ" ใ€Œๅฝผใ‚‰ใŒ่ชฐใชใฎใ‹ๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€
01:42
When relating an action or asking about the identity of the cause, we will say โ€˜whoโ€™ if it is a person and โ€˜whatโ€™ if it is anything else?
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ใ‚ใ‚‹่กŒๅ‹•ใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใพใŸใฏๅŽŸๅ› ใฎๆญฃไฝ“ใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใจใใ€ใใ‚ŒใŒไบบใงใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใ€ใใ‚Œไปฅๅค–ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:58
It is worth remembering that โ€˜whatโ€™ also relates to the actual occurrence.
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ‚‚ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:04
As a question put forward... โ€œwhat is going on?โ€
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ๆ่ตทใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆใฏ...ใ€Œไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
02:09
โ€œWhat do you want me to do?โ€
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ใ€Œ็งใซไฝ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
02:11
In this sense, we are stating โ€˜whatโ€™ as the occurrence itself,
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ใ“ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€็งใŸใกใฏใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ‚’ๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใใฎใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆ่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:16
The thing done, the thing being done or the thing that will be done,
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่กŒใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ€่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ
02:23
all refer to โ€˜whatโ€™.
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ใ™ในใฆใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:31
Next we have โ€˜whenโ€™.
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:33
This relates to time. It is easy to state when something did happen, is happening or will happen.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใฎใ‹ใ€ใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใฎใฏ็ฐกๅ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:43
โ€œI will see you when you get home.โ€
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ใ€ŒๅฎถใซๅธฐใฃใŸใ‚‰ไผšใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ใ€
02:46
One thing might happen when something else occurs.
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ไฝ•ใ‹ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใจใใซใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:50
โ€œI will clean the car when the rain stops.โ€
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ใ€Œ้›จใŒๆญขใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰่ปŠใ‚’ๆŽƒ้™คใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€
02:55
When relates to the moment or the time when the thing occurs.
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็‰ฉไบ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใพใŸใฏๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใ€‚
03:01
As a question we will often use โ€˜whenโ€™ whilst asking about a planned event
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่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆใ€่จˆ็”ปใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆๅฐ‹ใญใŸใ‚Š
03:07
or when seeking information concerning the moment of an event taking place.
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ใ€ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹็žฌ้–“ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚’ๆฑ‚ใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:13
โ€œWhen will the party start?โ€
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใฏใ„ใคๅง‹ใพใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
03:17
โ€œWhen did the robbery take place?โ€
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ใ€Œๅผท็›—ใฏใ„ใค่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸใ€
03:24
Next we will look at 'how',
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ๆฌกใซใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚
03:26
in this case, we are looking at the method or the way in which something will be done is being done or was done.
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ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใพใŸใฏๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:35
We often explain the method of something using how.
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็งใŸใกใฏใ‚ˆใใ€how ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:40
โ€œThis is how you tie a knotโ€.
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ใ€Œใ“ใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ็ตใณ็›ฎใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ‚“ใ ใ‚ˆใ€
03:44
โ€œThis is how you make bread.โ€
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ใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใฃใฆใ“ใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆไฝœใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ€
03:47
As a question, you might ask how.
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่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่กŒใ†ใ‹ใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
03:50
When unsure of the method of doing something, โ€œHow do I turn on the computer?โ€
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ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใจใใ€ใ€Œใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใฎ้›ปๆบใ‚’ๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใซใฏใฉใ†ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ‚ˆใ„ใงใ™ใ‹?ใ€
03:57
โ€œHow do I get to your house?โ€
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ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅฎถใพใง่กŒใ‘ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
04:00
We might also use how, when trying to find out the way in which a person was able to do something.
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ใพใŸใ€ไบบใŒไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฟในใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ€Œhowใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:07
As a shocked reaction, you might say, โ€œHow could you do that?โ€
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ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใŸๅๅฟœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใฎ๏ผŸใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
04:13
โ€œHow could you steal money from your own mother?โ€
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ใ€Œใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎๆฏ่ฆชใ‹ใ‚‰ใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’็›—ใ‚€ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
04:17
This is often said in shock and disbelief.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใฆไฟกใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ๆฐ—ๆŒใกใงใ‚ˆใ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
04:26
Finally, we have the small word with the big question.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ๅคงใใช็–‘ๅ•ใ‚’ไผดใ†ๅฐใ•ใช่จ€่‘‰ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:31
The word is โ€˜whyโ€™. We often use โ€˜whyโ€™ as an interrogative statement when trying to find the reason for something occurring.
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ใใ‚Œใฏใ€Œใชใœใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใ€‚็งใŸใกใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€็–‘ๅ•ๆ–‡ใจใ—ใฆใ€Œใชใœใ€ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:42
โ€œWhy did it happen?โ€
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ใ€Œใชใœใใ†ใชใฃใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
04:44
โ€œWhy did you steal my wallet?โ€
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ใ€Œใชใœ็งใฎ่ฒกๅธƒใ‚’็›—ใ‚“ใ ใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
04:46
โ€œWhy did you lie to me?โ€
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ใ€Œใชใœ็งใซๅ˜˜ใ‚’ใคใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€
04:49
We can ask for the reason and we can state the reason.
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็งใŸใกใฏ็†็”ฑใ‚’ๅฐ‹ใญใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ใใฎ็†็”ฑใ‚’่ฟฐในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:55
โ€œI love spending time with you, that is why I enjoy working here.โ€
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ใ€Œใ‚ใชใŸใจไธ€็ท’ใซๆ™‚้–“ใ‚’้Žใ”ใ™ใฎใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใชใฎใงใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅƒใใฎใŒๆฅฝใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€
05:01
โ€˜Whyโ€™ is always the reason.
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ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใŒๅธธใซ็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚
05:04
Whether it is put forward as a question or stated as an explanation in the form of a reply.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ่ณชๅ•ใจใ—ใฆๆ่ตทใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅ›ž็ญ”ใฎๅฝขใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใจใ—ใฆ่ฟฐในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚
05:12
Remember... โ€˜Whoโ€™ relates to identity.
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„...ใ€Œ่ชฐใ€ใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ†ใ‚ฃใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:16
โ€˜Whatโ€™ relates to the occurrence. โ€˜Whenโ€™ relates to time.
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ใ€Œไฝ•ใ‚’ใ€ใฏใใฎๅ‡บๆฅไบ‹ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œใ„ใคใ€ใฏๆ™‚้–“ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:23
โ€˜Howโ€™ relates to the method.
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ใ€Œใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใฏๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:27
โ€˜Whyโ€™ relates to the reason.
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ใ€Œใชใœใ€ใฏ็†็”ฑใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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