How to Transform the Chemical Industry -- One Reaction at a Time | Miguel A. Modestino | TED

44,957 views ใƒป 2022-09-12

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Eugene (Yujin) Hwang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yujin Son
00:04
I was born and raised in Caracas, Venezuela,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์˜ ์นด๋ผ์นด์Šค์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:06
back in the '80s and '90s.
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80๋…„๋Œ€, 90๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
00:07
Venezuela is a beautiful country,
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๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ๊นŒ์ง€
00:09
rich with natural treasures from beaches to rainforests.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‚˜๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
But one thing that people don't quite realize
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
00:15
is that we also have really tall mountains.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
These are part of the Andes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋ฉฐ
00:19
and they stretch all the way down from Chile and Argentina.
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์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And they're also home to some of the very few tropical glaciers
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ช‡ ์—†๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋น™ํ•˜์˜
00:25
in the world.
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์„œ์‹์ง€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Back in 1910, when the first map was drawn,
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์ฒซ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ 1910๋…„๋Œ€์—
00:28
Venezuela used to have five tropical glaciers,
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๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:31
which we used to call the five white eagles.
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โ€œ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์–€ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Today, unfortunately, there's only one left,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ 
00:36
and it covers an area which is smaller than Central Park in New York City.
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๋‰ด์š• ์‹œ์˜ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
These glaciers have been disappearing because of the use of a resource
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์ด ์ž์›โ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:44
that we extract not too far from them:
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์ด ๋น™ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
oil.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์›์œ ์ฃ .
00:47
As a Venezuelan, my relationship with oil is complicated.
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๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ €์™€ ์›์œ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
On the one hand, oil is the resource that helped my country develop,
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์›์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋ช…ํ™”๋ฅผ
00:54
as well as human civilization.
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๋„์šด ์ž์›์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
00:57
On the other hand,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”,
00:58
it's a resource that slowly but surely fuels an existential threat.
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์„œ์„œํžˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์‹ค์กด์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ ์ž์›์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด์ฃ .
01:04
We now know that to avert the worst impacts of climate change,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
01:07
we're going to have to decarbonize everything that we do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
01:10
and everything that surrounds us.
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โ€˜ํƒˆํƒ„์†Œํ™”โ€™ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”.
01:12
And to do that within the next three decades.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  30๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
These include things like transitioning from oil, natural gas
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ํƒˆํƒ„์†Œํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์›์œ , ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์—์„œ
01:19
to clean sources of electricity;
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์ฒญ์ • ์ž์›์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์ด,
01:21
electrifying all of our vehicles;
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๋ชจ๋“  ์šด์†ก์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”,
01:23
rethinking the way that we make our buildings and cities.
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
The good news is that technologies to do some of these things already exist.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
And legislation to frame and direct this effort
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋„์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•ํ™”๊ฐ€
01:34
is starting to be put in place.
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์ถ”์ง„๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
The bad news is that even if we do all of these things,
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๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด๋„
01:40
it will still not be enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
There are still large sectors of our economy
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์•„์ง ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:44
that will need to be decarbonized
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ํƒˆํƒ„์†Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
01:46
for which we don't have the technology yet.
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ํฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
These include the things like manufacturing processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”
01:52
that are used to make everything that surrounds us,
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์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์ด ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
from the cement and steel that holds our buildings together
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์ฒ ๊ฐ•์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:58
to the chemicals and materials that we use to make the goods
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€
02:02
that we use in our daily lives.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:04
Things like the chair that you're sitting in,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ž,
02:06
your shoes, the cars that you use,
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๋งค์ผ ์‹ ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งค์ผ ํƒ€๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ,
02:10
and all the devices that we use every day.
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๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
The chemical manufacturing industry alone accounts for 10 percent
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์ „์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰ ์ค‘ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ œ์กฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด
02:19
of the energy consumption.
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๋ฌด๋ ค 10%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
And 20 percent of the carbon emissions from industry.
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ 20%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
These emissions arise from the use of fossil fuel combustion
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์›์ธ์€
02:29
to generate the heat that is required to drive processes inside of our old
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ด์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:34
and inefficient chemical plants.
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
One way to start fixing the issue will be to use electricity
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๊ณต์ •์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณต์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ
02:40
instead of heat from fossil fuels
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:42
to drive the processes inside of these plants.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Sounds easy enough, right?
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์‰ฌ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ฃ ?
02:45
Just unplug the natural gas pipelines, plug in the electrical wire,
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์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:50
and make sure that you source electricity from clean sources like solar,
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์ „๊ธฐ ์›๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ, ์›์ž๋ ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:54
wind or nuclear.
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์ฒญ์ • ์›๋ฃŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:56
Unfortunately, in reality, it's much harder than that.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
We're going to have to come up with new chemical reactions
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
that can source their energy directly from electricity.
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์ „๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:05
These are called electrochemical reactions.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
And itโ€™s what my research group at New York University is focusing on:
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๋‰ด์š• ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
figuring out electrochemical paths
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์ฒญ์ • ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”
03:14
that can create direct links between clean electricity and molecules.
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:19
In electrochemical reactions,
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ
03:21
heat is replaced by electricity as an energy source.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์›์ฒœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ด ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
This allows us to operate reactors
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:27
and carry out reactions at room temperature
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์ƒ์˜จ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
with minimal energy losses.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค๋„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
03:33
But the problem is
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
03:34
that for electrochemical reactions to become viable,
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:37
they will need to be more efficient and cost competitive
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค
03:40
than the heat-powered ones that we use today.
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๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
That means that electrochemical reactors
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰์Šจ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
03:45
will need to transform raw materials into products
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์›๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณต์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:50
very efficiently, with minimal waste and very selectively.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
This will then in turn incentivize chemical manufacturers
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
03:59
to switch to electrochemical production processes
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํ™”ํ•™ ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
04:02
instead of deploying new fossil fuel chemical plants.
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
In our research, we started by looking at a chemical reaction
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ
04:13
that is used to make one of the most important polymers in the world:
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Nylon 66.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก  66์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
More than 5 million tons of all kinds of nylons
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๋งค๋…„ 500๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก ์ด
04:21
are produced every year.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
And out of those, two million tons are of Nylon 66.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ 200๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก  66์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And these are used to make things like the textile fibers
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:30
that we use in our winter jackets
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๋ฐฉํ•œ์šฉ ์™ธํˆฌ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ง๋ฌผ์šฉ ์„ฌ์œ ๋‚˜
04:32
or the plastic car parts
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์ฐจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
04:34
that help make our vehicles lightweight and fuel-efficient.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Through our research,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
04:40
we managed to identify electrochemical reaction mixtures
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์™€ ์ „์••์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด
04:44
with the right additives and voltages
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
to be able to transform raw materials into nylon precursors very selectively.
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์•„์ฃผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก  ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:51
We achieved selectivity of more than 80 percent,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๋„๋ฅผ 80ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
a value that is on par with commercial reactors.
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์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์™€๋„ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
But we didn't stop there.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
04:58
While most electrochemical reactions operate
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์ด
05:01
with a constant stream of electrical currents,
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์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:04
we knew that if we control the interactions
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„
05:07
between the electricity input and molecules,
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์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:09
we could achieve a higher performance.
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์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
To do that, we decided to start exploring different electrical pulses
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํŽ„์Šค ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ 
05:17
in the search for the right pulse sequence
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ ํŽ„์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
that will deliver electrons at the same rate
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๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†๋„๋กœ
05:22
that molecules could react.
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์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:25
Since there were so many pulses that we needed to test,
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์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํŽ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
05:28
we decided to then use a few number of results
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŽ„์Šค์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
05:31
from different pulses to train machine-learning models
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ 
05:34
that then help us identify the appropriate pulse sequence
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํŽ„์Šค ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฅผ
05:38
for this reaction.
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์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
This was the first time
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ
05:41
that artificial intelligence was used to optimize an electrochemical reaction,
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
and the pulse sequence that we discovered
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ํŽ„์Šค ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋•๋ถ„์—
05:47
allows us to increase by 30 percent
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์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œจ์„
05:49
the production rate of these reactors.
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30ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:51
These large improvements in efficiency,
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ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์„ ํƒ๋„, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œจ์—์„œ์˜
05:54
selectivity and production rates are very important
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์ดํ† ๋ก ํฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
because they will ensure
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
05:58
that electrochemical reactions are competitive
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์šฐ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
06:01
with fossil-fuel-powered ones which are already highly optimized.
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
But hey, nylon is only one molecule
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก ์€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ 
06:07
in a network of tens of thousands of chemical products,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์†ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
many of which you see in this diagram,
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ
06:13
and many of which are a common occurrence in your daily lives.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Just think of the plastics that are used to make your computers and phones,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:19
or the pane that covers the walls around us,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ด๋‚˜
06:22
or the medicines that help us live a healthy life.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
We're going to have to decarbonize it all within the next 30 years.
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ํ–ฅํ›„ 30๋…„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒˆํƒ„์†Œํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
That means that we're going to have to discover,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„
06:32
develop and deploy chemical processes much faster
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด
06:35
than we did in the past century.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ผ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:39
To that end, my group at NYU is combining artificial intelligence
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‰ด์š•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ
06:44
with autonomous research tools
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์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:47
to run hundreds to thousands of experiments per day.
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
In this way, we hope to decrease the time from idea to discovery
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
06:55
by more than 100 times.
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๋ฐฑ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
Beyond nylon,
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๋‚˜์ผ๋ก ์„ ๋„˜์–ด
06:59
we're also looking into production processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š”
07:02
to manufacture other chemicals
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์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
like ethylene and propylene.
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์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœํ•„๋ Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„์š”.
07:06
These are the main precursors to most of the plastic in the world.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
Through electrochemistry,
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:11
we have managed to electrify already the most energy intensive steps
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์ด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
07:16
on the production process of these chemicals:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™” ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
a set of processes that alone account for a very substantial amount of energy
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์ œ์กฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์—์„œ๋งŒ
07:22
in the chemical manufacturing industry.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:25
We're also rethinking the way that we make our chemicals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„
07:28
and the chemicals supply chain,
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์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
by developing new processes
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์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
07:31
that can use and transform food waste into the chemicals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์›์œ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”
07:35
that we make today from oil.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:37
This can be done by extracting molecules from waste streams
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
07:41
and using them as precursors to things like plastics,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ, ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ, ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ
07:46
additives, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:48
and many more.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
And in this way,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
07:51
enhancing sustainability in chemical manufacture even further.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:55
The chemical industry is central to our modern economy
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜
07:58
and to our ways of life.
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์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Decarbonizing it will take us several decades.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒˆํƒ„์†Œํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
This will include things like
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
08:05
retrofitting our chemical plants so they can use electricity directly,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
08:09
capturing and sequestering CO2 as it comes out of the gas flue stacks,
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์—ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ตด๋š ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
08:13
and more importantly,
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”
08:14
developing new chemical processes that are more efficient
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๋”์šฑ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
08:18
and can source electricity directly from clean sources.
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์ฒญ์ • ์ž์›์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
By accelerating research in electrochemical manufacturing,
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์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์ œ์กฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:24
my team aims to develop some of these reactions
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์ œ ํŒ€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
08:27
and in this way help to transform the chemical industry
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
one reaction at a time.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์”ฉ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:32
When we get there,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:33
we will have been able to erase the carbon footprint
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์„
08:36
of the chemical industry.
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์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And while we won't be able to bring our tropical glaciers back,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋น™ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์–ด๋„
08:41
we will have helped to develop a sustainable path
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ
08:43
for the future of our planet.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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