A For-Profit Mindset for Nonprofit Success | Tolu Oyekan | TED

47,705 views ใƒป 2023-02-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alexis Nam ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyeryung Kim
00:04
So I'd like to ask you all a question
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
00:06
that I've pondered for these past few years.
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00:10
Why is it that for-profit organizations
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
00:14
and nonprofits,
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ,
00:16
or those that work in the development space,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ,
00:18
are quite different with the type of impact that they have?
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๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:22
I mean, in theory, they should be similar, right?
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”?
00:25
They both have access to super-talented individuals.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ’€์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:30
Should it matter that you are working on affordable housing
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
00:35
or trying to build a multi-million dollar condo building?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
I don't think it should.
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์•„๋‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
But if I took a poll in this room and asked you all to take a guess
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ
00:44
on which of these buildings will be completed first,
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โ€œ๋‘ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์™„๊ณต๋ ๊นŒ์š”?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
00:47
I'm fairly certain that we would all agree it's not the affordable housing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ฃผํƒ ์ชฝ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:52
Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
00:53
And you may go, โ€œWell, Tolu, isnโ€™t it about the money?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ฒ ์ฃ . โ€œ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
00:55
One of these has access to more money than the other."
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์ž–์•„์š”.โ€
00:58
And I think there's truth to that,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
but I believe it goes much deeper than that.
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01:01
I live in Nigeria now, before I moved back to Nigeria,
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”
01:04
I actually spent the bulk of my career working in development markets
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฝค ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
in the for-profit sector, right?
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์ด์ต ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ์š”.
01:11
In the for-profit sector,
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
01:13
we are held accountable every year by investors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ ์ด์ต์ด
01:17
to ensure that the benefits of the activities
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์ผ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
01:20
that we invested in throughout the year
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01:22
far outweigh the investments in those activities.
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๋งค๋…„ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
This annual cadence of accountability
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๋งค๋…„ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
required that everything that we did
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
01:32
was striving toward increased profitability.
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์ด์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
01:34
This annual cadence of accountability
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์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์˜๋Š”
01:36
created such a high sense of urgency in everything that we did.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
01:41
And so we leveraged data analytics,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ
01:43
evidence-based tools to ensure that we're able to hit those goals fast.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
In the development space,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ์ง€์› ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”
01:48
where I spend the bulk of my time these days,
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01:51
the culture appears quite different.
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๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
We don't seem to operate with the same sense of urgency.
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค๊ธ‰ํ•จ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
01:57
The work we are doing now is arguably more meaningful, right?
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ผ ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:02
We are trying to solve problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
such as increasing financial access to those who currently don't have it.
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02:07
We're trying to solve problems that include education access,
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๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:10
energy access.
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02:11
And, in fact, increasingly we are trying to help people who are vulnerable
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:15
build resilience to climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:19
These challenges are quite significant
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์ด ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
and require that we do things differently.
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02:25
In Africa, we have a proverb which states that if you want to go fast, go alone.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฉ์–ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
โ€œ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€๋ผ.โ€
02:30
If you want to go far, go together.
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02:33
But what happens when trying to solve a problem
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:35
like increasing financial access
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02:37
requires that you go both fast and far?
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
02:41
I believe that we need to do development differently.
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์ „ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
We need to include the profit motive and for-profit approaches
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์ด์œค ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
02:49
into the way that we do development.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํ•ฉ์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:53
So let me walk you through an example
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
02:55
of how we experimented with this in Nigeria.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
We're trying to expand financial access in Nigeria.
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03:00
For those who don't know,
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์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ข€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
03:01
financial access is an individual's ability
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€,
๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
to get access to insurance
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๋ณดํ—˜, ๋Œ€์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:09
or loans or build savings.
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03:13
A lot of research has shown, in fact,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:14
that a lot of these development activities that we have
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€
03:17
require financial access as a key enabler.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
A key enabler.
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:24
However, when you look in Africa,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
03:26
we are lagging behind the rest of the world
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
in terms of financial access.
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03:31
In fact, in sub-Saharan Africa,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š”
03:34
only about 55 percent of all adults have access to financial services.
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์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์•ฝ 55%๋งŒ์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
A country like Nigeria, where I live,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:42
you have more adults in Nigeria
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:44
that do not have access to financial services
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03:47
than the entire population of Canada.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Think about that.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:52
More individuals in Nigeria do not have access to financial services
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:56
than the entire population of Canada.
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๊ธˆ์œต ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:00
Now, I mean, this is not for a lack of trying.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
We've been working on this issue for a while.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
And I think one of the reasons the issue persists
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
04:08
is because we were trying to solve the problem
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
in the same way we have tried to do it in developed markets,
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04:13
trying to build bank branches and ATMs everywhere.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ
04:15
But this is so expensive and capital-intensive and time-intensive,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค์ฃ .
04:19
which we cannot afford.
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04:22
But there's a cheaper, scalable option.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
Agent banking.
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โ€˜๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰โ€™์ด์ฃ .
04:27
With agent banking,
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๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
04:29
a financial institution can hire an individual or a retailer
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๊ธˆ์œต ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋งค์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:32
to provide financial services to the community on their behalf.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
So you have ...
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด...
04:41
a grocery retailer, right?
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์Šˆํผ๋งˆ์ผ“ ์†Œ๋งค์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
04:44
She gets cash from selling foodstuff to her customers,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์†๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ”๊ณ  ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
and she can play the role of a human ATM, if you will,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ์œ„ โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ธ์ถœ๊ธฐโ€™ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:52
connecting to the branch online
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์ง€์ ์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
04:54
and able to dispense cash to her customers
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๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
and other financial services.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋„์š”.
04:59
And unlike bank branches and ATMs,
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์€ํ–‰ ์ง€์ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
05:02
you can deploy an agent within about a day.
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๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
So you can literally start the day
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•„์นจ์—๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์„์ด
05:07
with the community without financial access
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05:09
and at the end of the day with an agent
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €๋…์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:11
provides financial access to that community.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:14
We know agent banking works.
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๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
And in fact, in Nigeria, we estimate that over these past three years
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์„
์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ 85๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
we've deployed about 850,000 of these agents.
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05:26
But the problem persists.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
After all of this work, the problem persist.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
05:32
In Nigeria, we still estimate that less than 50 percent, in fact,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์•ฝ 50%๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
05:39
of adults still have access, despite all of this work,
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๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” 10๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
and this has persisted for over a decade.
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05:45
So a few colleagues and I decided to investigate this
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์™€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
to try to understand why is it that after all this work,
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05:50
we're still struggling with this.
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05:52
And so we teamed up with nonprofit organizations
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ํž˜์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ
05:55
and for-profit organizations to understand,
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์™œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ดค๊ณ 
05:57
after hundreds of thousands of agents,
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05:59
why does this problem persist.
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06:01
And we discovered two important problems.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
One is, we in fact, are not deploying these agents into the right places.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ ์žฌ์ ์†Œ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
The rural parts and northern parts of Nigeria
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์‹œ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ๋ฐ
06:12
most desperately needed these agents,
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06:14
but the deployment tended to be in the urban south.
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๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:18
And when we deployed them,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ค‘๋ณต๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
we tended to also deploy overlapping agents.
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06:22
What does that mean?
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
06:24
Think of this as you are trying to, you know,
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๋‰ด์š• ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—๋งŒ
06:27
you deploy 50 ATMs in a New York City block.
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50๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:32
What's the point of that?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
06:34
In fact, if you had used data analytics, perhaps we would have done this properly.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
The second problem we observed was that agents, in fact,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
were not staying around for the long haul.
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06:46
So you placed this agent,
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๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ์•ฝ ์„ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
but the average agent only remained operational for about three months.
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06:52
Between the start-up cost
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์ฐฝ์—… ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—… ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
06:55
and the recurring cost required to sustain the business,
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06:58
they needed a high volume of transactions, of business,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด
07:01
to be able to remain profitable and remain in business.
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๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
But they didn't really know how to do that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ฃ .
07:06
So we're working hard,
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์ฆ‰ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:07
but we're not placing them correctly and they're not profitable,
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์ด์ต์ด ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:11
so we're not moving the needle at all.
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07:13
So with this understanding of the problem,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ํ›„
07:15
we wanted to design profitable or viable agent banking business.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์—…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
And to do this,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:22
we did a compare and contrast
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์„
07:24
between agents that remained around for the long haul
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07:27
versus those that only left after a short period
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๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์กฐํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
to understand the differences between them.
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07:32
We also literally went across the country
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์„œ
07:34
to understand the differences of our agents,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
07:36
who worked across the country,
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07:38
and understand how money moved in the respective communities.
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๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์ผ์ฃ .
07:42
And with this understanding,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ
07:44
we built our profitable agent banking model.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So what are those things, what are the key elements
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด
๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์‹คํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:50
to ensure that an agent is viable and remains around for the long haul?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ์•ฝ 500๋ช…์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
One is, you need to make sure that you have about 500 adults.
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07:57
You need about 500 adults in the community
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ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์„ฑ์ธ์ด 500๋ช… ์ •๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
to support one of these agents.
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08:01
So when you are deploying overlapping agents,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์ค‘๋ณต ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:03
that can be counterproductive.
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08:06
Another thing is, even though these agents, in fact,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด
08:09
are leveraging the internet connections to financial institutions online,
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๊ธˆ์œต ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:14
they still needed access to cash for the community.
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•  ํ˜„๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
Cash was still very important.
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ํ˜„๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
And then, agent banking is not a full-time business.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์—…์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ง์—…๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:25
It's a side hustle.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ถ€์—…์ด์—์š”.
08:26
So you can be a bartender,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”ํ…๋”์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:29
you can be a grocery retailer,
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์Šˆํผ๋งˆ์ผ“ ์ฃผ์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:31
you could be a hairdresser, anything, really,
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๋ฏธ์šฉ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ง ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„
08:33
and offer agent banking as an add-on to make that viable.
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๋ถ€์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์—…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
So we felt good that we understood how to design it.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:42
So now we wanted to estimate
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:44
how many of these agents can we put across the country
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ
08:48
to ensure that every Nigerian has access to financial services,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
universal access.
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๋ฒ”์šฉ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
08:54
To do this, it's not a simple task, involves a lot of data.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:58
So we built an analytic engine, called Geofin, to do this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” โ€˜์ง€์˜คํ•€โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
With Geofin, you can look across Nigeria, any part of the country,
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์ง€์˜คํ•€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
and zoom in to understand the current level of financial access,
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ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ 
09:12
as well as how many of these agents that we talk about
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ๋ช‡ ๋ช… ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:15
you need to deploy to get to universal coverage.
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๋ฒ”์šฉ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:19
So if you look down south in Nigeria, in a place called Bayelsa,
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ฐ”์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:22
in Bayelsa we have high level of financial access.
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๋ฐ”์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฝค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
About 85 percent of adults in Bayelsa have access to financial services.
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์•ฝ 85%์˜ ๋ฐ”์˜์‚ฌ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:33
And so you would only need to deploy about 2,000 more agents
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์•ฝ 2์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋งŒ ๋” ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
to get to universal coverage.
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09:38
Up north, in Yobe though, in the northeast of Nigeria,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”๋ฒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์€
09:42
you find that about 25 percent,
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์˜ค์ง 25ํผ์„ผํŠธ,
09:44
only about 25 percent of adults
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์•ฝ 25%์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
actually have access to financial services.
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09:48
And so there you need upwards of 8,000 agents
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์ ์–ด๋„ 8์ฒœ ๋ช…์€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
09:52
to get to universal coverage.
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09:55
Quite a beautiful tool that allows us to sort of understand
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๋งค์šฐ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
09:57
and try to solve the problem in a very nuanced way.
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ฃ .
10:01
So all of this was research and analytics.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:03
What did we find?
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10:04
What was the real impact of all of this?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:06
So you remember I had said
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ 85๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ •๋„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ ?
10:08
in Nigeria so far we've deployed about 850,000 agents?
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10:12
Well, with this approach,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
10:14
we discovered that we only really need about 275,000 more agents
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์˜ค์ง 27๋งŒ ๋ช…๋ฐ–์—
10:18
to get to universal coverage.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Now, the bulk of these agents were not profitable.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
In fact, about 90 percent of them are not profitable.
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90%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:27
But that's OK.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”.
10:28
The work they are doing is still quite important.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:31
And so we need to support them with subsidies and grants
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:35
to ensure that they can stay around and support their communities.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
However, about 27,000 of these agents will be profitable.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ค‘ 2๋งŒ7์ฒœ ๋ช…์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
We think of them as the high-impact agents.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
And what do they do?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
10:49
These agents will move the needle significantly.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:51
So in Nigeria today, we estimate that only about 45 percent of adults
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ 45%์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
10:55
have access to financial services.
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๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
10:57
These 27,000, roughly, agents
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์ด 27๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด
11:00
will move the needle from about 45 percent today to 80 percent.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ 45%๋ฅผ 80%๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
And given how fast you can deploy them,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
11:08
we estimate that this will occur within 24 months or less.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 24๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
This is the power of including the profit motive in development work.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—…๋ฌด์™€ ์ด์ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์˜ ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
That we can move the needle so fast
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๊ทธ ํž˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„
11:21
for a problem that has remained intractable for so long.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Now, financial access is not the only challenge we have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ํ•  ๋„์ „์€ ๊ธˆ์œต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
What if we took this same mindset to energy access,
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:33
where instead of just deploying solar in rural areas alone,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
11:36
we could think about helping entrepreneurs to build viable urban solar businesses?
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๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:42
Or we can also deploy this approach to education access,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ,
11:46
where, instead of just deploying schools widely,
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๊ทธ์ € ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์— ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
11:48
we'll work with local community entrepreneurs to build community schools
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:51
that are profitable and viable for a long period of time.
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์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
I believe that when we combine these nonprofit and for-profit approaches,
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
12:01
when we include the profit motive in the development work that we do,
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์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ
12:05
we can go fast and far together
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹คํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
to address these development challenges
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์ด ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
12:12
and change the world for the better.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:14
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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