Linking Words in English | However, Instead, Therefore

21,232 views ใƒป 2023-05-10

Speak Confident English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Did you know that words such as however, instead meanwhile,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ€Œไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใใฎ้–“ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใชใฉใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ
00:04
and therefore can help your speech to flow? In other words,
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ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใ‚’ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใ‚’ใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใงใ™ใ‹? ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
00:09
these words create smooth transitions from one sentence to the next.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎๆ–‡ใธใฎใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒใ‚’็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:14
I like to think of these words as building bridges between our
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็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ใ€ ็งใŸใกใฎๆ–‡็ซ ใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎ้–“ใซๆฉ‹ใ‚’ๆžถใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใจใ—ใฆ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใŒ
00:19
sentences or ideas,
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ใ€
00:21
and without those bridges there can be unexpected or abrupt
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ใใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆฉ‹ใŒใชใ„ใจใ€
00:26
gaps between those ideas leading to confusion among our
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎ้–“ใซไบˆๆœŸใ›ใฌใ€ใพใŸใฏ็ช็„ถใฎใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒƒใƒ—ใŒ็”Ÿใ˜ใ€
00:31
listeners right now, you might be thinking, that sounds great,
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ใƒชใ‚นใƒŠใƒผใฎๆททไนฑใซใคใชใŒใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„
00:35
Annemarie would love to use those words and improve my flow,
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ใ“ใจใ ใจใ‚ขใƒณใƒใƒžใƒชใƒผใฏๆ€ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ”นๅ–„ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏๅคงๅฅฝใใงใ™ใŒ ใ€
00:39
but I'm not really sure how to use them or what these words mean and
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝฟใ„ๆ–นใ‚„ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:44
I totally hear you. That's exactly why I'm doing this lesson today. Moreover,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใฏใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใ•ใซใใ‚ŒใŒใ€ ็งใŒไปŠๆ—ฅใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็†็”ฑใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€
00:49
these linking words are a crucial component to fluent
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ ๆตๆšขใชใพใจใพใ‚Šใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใจใฃใฆ้‡่ฆใช่ฆ็ด ใงใ™
00:54
cohesive communication in English.
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ใ€‚
00:57
They help us connect ideas,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ตใณใคใ‘ใ€ๆ–‡้–“ใฎ
01:00
show the relationship between sentences and create a logical
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้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ— ใ€่ซ–็†็š„ใช
01:05
flow of thought. In this particular Confident English lesson,
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ๆ€่€ƒใฎๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ€ŒConfident Englishใ€ใฎ็‰นๅˆฅใชใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏ ใ€
01:09
we're going to focus on linking words that help you compare and contrast
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01:14
show, cause and effect,
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่กจ็คบใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใ€้€ฒ่กŒ
01:17
indicate progression and much more along the way,
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็Šถๆณใชใฉใ‚’ๆฏ”่ผƒๅฏพ็…งใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆŽฅ็ถšๅ˜่ชžใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใพใ™ใ€‚
01:21
you'll learn what common linking words such as, however,
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ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ๆฌกใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆŽฅ็ถšๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:24
meanwhile and therefore mean and I'll share with you how to use them
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ใใฎ้–“ใ€ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไฝฟ็”จๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
01:29
using practical examples. By the end of this lesson,
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใพใงใซใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใง
01:33
you'll have a solid understanding of how to use these linking words
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถšๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๆตๆšข
01:38
in your English communication for improved fluency and cohesion.
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ใ•ใจไธ€่ฒซๆ€งใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ใ—ใฃใ‹ใ‚Šใจ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:56
But before we start, if you don't already know,
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใพใ ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใชใ„ๆ–นใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€
01:59
I'm Annemarie with Speak Confident English.
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็งใฏ Speak Confident English ใฎ Annemarie ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:02
Everything I do is designed to help you get the confidence you want for your
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็งใŒใ‚„ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎใ“ใจใฏใ€
02:06
life and work in English.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใ‚„ไป•ไบ‹ใซ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎ็š„ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:08
One way I do that is by sharing weekly Confident English lessons where I
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ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€้€ฑใซ 1 ๅ›žใฎใ€Œ Confident Englishใ€ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใใ“ใงใฏใ€
02:12
highlight my top fluency and confidence-building strategies,
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็งใฎๆตๆšขใ•ใ‚„ ่‡ชไฟกใ‚’่‚ฒใ‚€ใŸใ‚ใฎๆˆฆ็•ฅใ€็š„ใ‚’
02:17
targeted vocabulary lessons,
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็ตžใฃใŸ่ชžๅฝ™ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ€
02:19
and a focus on grammar topics such as this lesson on linking words
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ใใ—ใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๅ˜่ชžใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–‡ๆณ•ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:24
in English. While you're here,
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใซใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€่‡ชไฟกใฎใ‚ใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
02:26
make sure you subscribe to my Speak Confident English channel so you never miss
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็งใฎ Speak Confident English ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
02:31
one of these Confident English lessons. To start,
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ใ€‚ ใพใšใฏใ€
02:35
let's get a clear understanding of how these linking words in
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02:40
English or conjunctive adverbs work and why they're important.
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่‹ฑ่ชžใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚„ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ้‡่ฆใชใฎใ‹ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็†่งฃใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
02:45
A conjunctive adverb is an adverb such as however or
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ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็›ธไบ’ใซ
02:50
accordingly or an adverb phrase such as on the other
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02:55
hand or as a result that are used to connect
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ๆŽฅ็ถšใ—ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใธใฎ
02:59
ideas together,
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03:01
creating a bridge or a smooth transition from one idea to
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ๆฉ‹ๆธกใ—ใ‚„ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€ใŸใ ใ—ใ€ใใ‚Œใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใชใฉใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใชใฉใฎๅ‰ฏ่ฉžๅฅใงใ™
03:06
the next. These conjunctive adverbs are also known as linking words.
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฏ ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใจใ‚‚ๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
03:11
What's most important about these words is that they have a job to do in a
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใงๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงๆžœใŸใ™ในใๅฝนๅ‰ฒใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™
03:16
sentence.
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ใ€‚
03:17
This job includes showing the connection between
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ใ“ใฎไฝœๆฅญใซใฏใ€1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ๅ†…ใง
03:22
ideas or thoughts shared within one sentence.
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ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚„่€ƒใˆใฎ้–“ใฎใคใชใŒใ‚Šใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒๅซใพใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
03:26
They also link ideas mentioned through two or more sentences,
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ใพใŸใ€่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ 2 ใคไปฅไธŠใฎๆ–‡ใง็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใ€
03:32
and finally they clarify the relationship between ideas.
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซ ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ข้–“ใฎ้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:37
What this really means is they help us clearly indicate when
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒๅฎŸ้š›ใซๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏใ€
03:42
we are making a comparison or drawing contrasts.
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ๆฏ”่ผƒ ใ—ใŸใ‚Šๅฏพ็…งใ‚’ๆใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็คบใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
03:47
They help us show cause and effect.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
03:50
They clearly indicate a progression or sequence and
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€้€ฒ่กŒใ‚„ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใชใฉใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™
03:55
so much more.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ
03:56
Before we take a look at our first category of conjunctive adverbs
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
04:01
used for contrast,
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ใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ›ธ้ขใงใฎๆ›ธใ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚„ๅฃ้ ญใฎใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใซใŠใ„ใฆใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ‚’
04:02
I want to talk about how we use these linking words in written and
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
04:07
spoken communication in writing, for example.
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ใ€‚ ๅพ“ใ†ๅฟ…่ฆใฎใ‚ใ‚‹
04:11
There are few specific rules we need to follow.
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็‰นๅฎšใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:14
I want you to take a look at this sentence and notice where we have the
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ใ“ใฎ ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒใฉใ“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
04:19
conjunctive adverb. My daughter broke her arm while climbing a tree.
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ใ€‚ ๅจ˜ใŒ ๆœจ็™ปใ‚Šไธญใซ่…•ใ‚’้ชจๆŠ˜ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
04:23
Consequently,
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ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€
04:24
she won't be able to write her homework for school for the next few weeks.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไปŠๅพŒๆ•ฐ้€ฑ้–“ๅญฆๆ กใฎๅฎฟ้กŒใ‚’ๆ›ธใใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:29
When a conjunctive adverb connects two ideas within one
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ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒ 1 ใคใฎๆ–‡ๅ†…ใง 2 ใคใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
04:34
single sentence,
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ใ€ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎ
04:36
we use a semicolon before and then a comma after the
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ๅ‰ใซใ‚ปใƒŸใ‚ณใƒญใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ ใใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™
04:40
conjunctive adverb. On the other hand,
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ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใ€
04:42
when a conjunctive adverb is used to connect ideas across several sentences or
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ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใŒ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ–‡ใซใพใŸใŒใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใพใŸใฏๆ–‡ๅ†…ใฎ
04:48
indicate a relationship within a sentence, it is followed by a comma.
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้–ขไฟ‚ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใฎๅพŒใซใ‚ณใƒณใƒžใŒ็ถšใใพใ™ใ€‚
04:53
Here are two examples. Imagine your office is having a two day meeting.
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ไปฅไธ‹ใซ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใง 2 ๆ—ฅ้–“ใฎไผš่ญฐใŒ่กŒใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
04:59
Everyone is attending the first day except for one person.
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ๅˆๆ—ฅใฏไธ€ไบบใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆๅ…จๅ“กใŒๅ‚ๅŠ ใ€‚ ๅˆๆ—ฅ
05:03
After you indicate who is joining on day one, you might say Lena however,
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ใซ่ชฐใŒๅ‚ๅŠ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸๅพŒ ใ€ใ€ŒใƒฌใƒŠใฏๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ
05:08
is joining us for the meeting tomorrow or however Lena will
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ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒฌใƒŠใฏ
05:13
be joining us tomorrow. With those rules in mind,
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ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅๅ‚ๅŠ ใ—ใพใ™ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’ๅฟต้ ญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ€ๅฏพๆฏ”ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
05:16
let's take a look at our first group of conjunctive,
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ€
05:19
adverbs or linking words used for contrast.
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ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏๆŽฅ็ถš ่ชžใฎๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
05:23
Here we're going to look at however, conversely instead,
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้€†ใซใ€
05:27
and on the other hand, the word,
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ใใ—ใฆใใฎ้€†ใซใ€
05:29
however is used to indicate contrast or to
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใจใฎๅฏพ็…งใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€็Ÿ›็›พใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ€
05:34
contradict something that has been said previously and it means despite
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05:39
whatever manner, way, or degree.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ใ‚„ใ‚Šๆ–นใ€ใพใŸใฏ็จ‹ๅบฆใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ‚„็Ÿ›็›พใ‚’
05:42
Let's take a look at another sentence where we use the word however to indicate
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็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€Œใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:46
that contrast or contradiction.
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ใ€‚
05:49
There may however be a good reason Nina couldn't come to the party.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใƒ‹ใƒผใƒŠใŒใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๆฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใซใฏใ€ใใ‚Œใชใ‚Šใฎ็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹โ€‹โ€‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:54
The initial assumption of course might be that there would never be a good
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไปฎๅฎšใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใซๅ‡บๅธญใ—ใชใ„ ๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใชใฉๆฑบใ—ใฆใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ†ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€
05:59
reason to not attend a party,
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06:01
but we're contradicting that assumption or belief with the statement that
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็งใŸใกใฏใใฎไปฎๅฎš ใ‚„ไฟกๅฟตใ‚’ใ€
06:06
perhaps Nina did have a good reason.
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใƒ‹ใƒผใƒŠใซใฏๆญฃๅฝ“ใช็†็”ฑใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจใ„ใ†ๅฃฐๆ˜Žใงๅฆๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:09
Our second word conversely means in a reverse manner or the opposite way.
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2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€converse ใงใ€ ้€†ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ใพใŸใฏๅๅฏพใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:16
For example, Kelly has a sweet tooth. Conversely,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ฑใƒชใƒผใฏ ็”˜ๅ…šใงใ™ใ€‚ ้€†ใซใ€
06:20
her husband prefers savory foods.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฎๅคซใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’ๅฅฝใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
06:23
The word instead is used to indicate substitution or
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ ไปฃๆ›ฟใพใŸใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
06:27
replacement. An alternative. For example,
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ใ€‚ ไปฃๆ›ฟๆกˆใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
06:31
we had planned to go to dinner and then to a movie,
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็งใŸใกใฏๅค•้ฃŸใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ๆ˜ ็”ปใซ่กŒใไบˆๅฎšใงใ—ใŸใŒ ใ€
06:34
but we were running late and by the time we got there the movie was over.
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ๅ‡บ็™บใŒ้…ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใ„ใ€ๅˆฐ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใซ ๆ˜ ็”ปใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:39
Instead, we decided to go straight to the restaurant and just have dinner.
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ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€็งใŸใกใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซ็›ด่กŒใ—ใฆ ๅค•้ฃŸใ ใ‘ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
06:43
The last one in this category is on the other hand like the word. However,
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ไธ€ๆ–นใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ ๅ˜่ชžใซไผผใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใ ใ—ใ€
06:48
this indicates contrast to a statement that was previously stated
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไปฅๅ‰ใซ่ฟฐในใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใจใฎๅฏพ็…งใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Š
06:53
and we use it to present a different point of view. For example,
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ใ€ๅˆฅใฎ่ฆณ็‚นใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€
06:58
I'd love for us to implement this new social media strategy. On the other hand,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ ใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขๆˆฆ็•ฅใ‚’ใœใฒๅฎŸ่กŒใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ€็งใŸใกใŒไบˆๆƒณใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚
07:03
I think it's going to take much longer than we anticipate and we already have a
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ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ—ใ€
07:08
number of projects that we're working on right now.
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ใ™ใงใซ็พๅœจๅ–ใ‚Š็ต„ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:11
While linking words for contrast allow us to indicate opposing
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ๅฏพๆฏ”ใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ๅๅฏพ
07:16
or contradicting statements,
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ใพใŸใฏ็Ÿ›็›พใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒผใƒˆใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจใŒ
07:18
we can also use linking words for comparisons or similarities
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ใงใใพใ™ใŒใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒใ‚„้กžไผผ็‚นใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
07:24
and two words we often use to do this are the words,
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ใ‚ˆใไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ใ€Œ
07:27
likewise and similarly.
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ๅŒๆง˜ใ€ใจใ€Œ้กžไผผใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:31
Likewise means in the same way. For example,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ ๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅฝ“็คพใงใฏๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใซๅ……ๅฎŸใ—ใŸ
07:35
we offer a great benefit package to our employees. Likewise,
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็ฆๅˆฉๅŽš็”Ÿใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
07:39
we offer competitive salaries as well.
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ๅฝ“็คพใฏ็ซถไบ‰ๅŠ›ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹็ตฆไธŽใ‚‚ๆไพ›ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
07:43
The word similarly is used to mean in a like style
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซใฎ
07:47
manner or way. For example,
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ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚„ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
07:50
we all know cars need to stop at red lights. Similarly,
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่ปŠใฏ่ตคไฟกๅทใงๅœๆญขใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ่ชฐใ‚‚ใŒ็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
07:55
cyclists must stop at red lights as well,
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่‡ช่ปข่ปŠใ‚‚่ตคไฟกๅทใงๅœๆญขใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
07:58
and now let's take a look at four conjunctive adverbs used to indicate cause and
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ๆฌกใซใ€ๅŽŸๅ› ใจ็ตๆžœใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:03
effect. For this category, we're going to look at the words accordingly,
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใงใฏใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œ
08:08
hence, therefore,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใฎ
08:10
and consequently accordingly means in agreement with
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็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€ใ€ใ€Œใใ‚Œใซ ๅŒๆ„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€
08:15
or correspondingly. For example, after a major storm in your area,
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ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๅฏพๅฟœใ—ใฆใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๅœฐๅŸŸใงๅคงใใชๅตใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ใ€ŒไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆŽˆๆฅญใŒไธญๆญขใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจใ„ใ†
08:21
you might see or hear this sentence, classes are canceled today.
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ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Š่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:25
Accordingly, you'll have an extra day to study for your upcoming exam.
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ ไปŠๅพŒใฎ่ฉฆ้จ“ใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆไฝ™ๅˆ†ใซ 1 ๆ—ฅๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
08:30
The next word is,
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ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€
08:32
hence this means because of a preceding fact or premise
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ๅ‰ใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใพใŸใฏๅ‰ๆใ€
08:38
or a fact or premise that has come before. For example,
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ใพใŸใฏไปฅๅ‰ใฎไบ‹ๅฎŸใพใŸใฏๅ‰ๆใฎใŸใ‚ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
08:42
the project deadline has changed and will need to finish this earlier
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ใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎๆœŸ้™ใŒๅค‰ๆ›ดใ•ใ‚Œใ€ไบˆๆƒณใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆ—ฉใๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™
08:47
than expected. Hence,
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ๆฌกใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใŒๅฎŒไบ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€
08:49
we'll need everyone on the team to shift their focus to this project until
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ใƒใƒผใƒ ใฎๅ…จๅ“กใŒ ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใซ้›†ไธญใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:54
it's completed the next one. Therefore,
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
08:58
this means for that reason,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ใใฎ็†็”ฑใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€
09:01
for that cause or for that purpose.
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ใใฎๅคง็พฉใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
09:06
For example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
09:07
let's say you've recently reserved a meeting location and then you discover
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ ไผš่ญฐๅ ดๆ‰€ใ‚’ไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€้–“้•ใ„ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ“ใจใซๆฐ—ไป˜ใ„ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™
09:11
that there was a mistake. You might hear this conversation,
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎไผš่ฉฑใŒ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
09:16
we accidentally double booked this room for your meeting,
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็งใŸใกใฏ่ชคใฃใฆ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎไผš่ญฐใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ“ใฎ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’ไบŒ้‡ไบˆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
09:21
therefore we'll have to ask you to move your meeting to a later time
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ ไผš่ญฐใ‚’ๅพŒใฎๆ™‚้–“ใซ็งปๅ‹•ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚ใชใŸใซไพ้ ผใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใ—ใฆ
09:25
and lastly, consequently,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
09:28
this is used to mean as a negative result of something.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใฎๅฆๅฎš็š„ใช็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
09:33
For example, I spent all my money on the renovations. Consequently,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็งใฏใ™ในใฆใฎใŠ้‡‘ใ‚’ๆ”นไฟฎใซ่ฒปใ‚„ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€
09:38
I couldn't buy a new car.
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ๆ–ฐ่ปŠใ‚’่ฒทใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใฎไธญใง
09:40
We have two more categories for linking words that help you create these smooth
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใชๆŽฅ็ถšใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ€ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŽฅ็ถšใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
09:45
connections in your speech.
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ใ€‚
09:47
The next category is conjunctive adverbs for
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ๆฌกใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฏใ€
09:52
sequence or progression.
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้ †ๅบใพใŸใฏ้€ฒ่กŒใ‚’่กจใ™ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
09:54
This is particularly useful when you're communicating a process, for example,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใ€ ใŸใจใˆใฐใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใ‚’ไผใˆใŸใ‚Šใ€
09:59
or giving someone instructions,
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่ชฐใ‹ใซๆŒ‡็คบใ‚’ไธŽใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซ็‰นใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
10:01
and here we have four words we're going to review subsequently.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏๅพŒใง็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ 4 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:06
Then finally, and incidentally,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใใ—ใฆๅถ็„ถใงใ™ใŒใ€
10:10
the first one subsequently means at a later time or
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฏใ€ ใใฎๅพŒใ€ใพใŸใฏ
10:15
following right after in a time or place.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใพใŸใฏๅ ดๆ‰€ใฎ็›ดๅพŒใซ็ถšใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:19
For example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
10:20
the third quarter losses were unforeseen and the company
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็ฌฌ 3 ๅ››ๅŠๆœŸใฎๆๅคฑใฏ ไบˆๆƒณๅค–ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ๅŒ็คพใฏ
10:25
subsequently laid off 50 employees.
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ใใฎๅพŒ 50 ไบบใฎๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใ‚’่งฃ้›‡ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:29
In that sentence subsequently indicates that after one thing happened,
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€็ฌฌ 3 ๅ››ๅŠๆœŸใซๆๅคฑใŒ ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๅพŒ
10:35
the third quarter losses, something else happened right Afterward.
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ใ€ใใฎ ็›ดๅพŒใซๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:40
Our next word then can be used in the same way. In fact,
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ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸใฏ
10:43
it has nearly the same meaning. For example,
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ใปใผๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
10:47
we could follow up the last two sentences of the third quarter losses and
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็ฌฌ 3 ๅ››ๅŠๆœŸใฎๆๅคฑใจ
10:52
the company layoff with then the company filed for bankruptcy.
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ไผš็คพใฎไธ€ๆ™‚่งฃ้›‡ใ€ใใฎๅพŒ ไผš็คพใŒ็ ด็”ฃใ‚’็”ณ่ซ‹ใ—ใŸใจใ„ใ†ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฟฝ่ทกใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
10:57
The word finally is used to indicate that we're at the end or the
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finallyใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€ไฝ•ใ‹ใฎ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚ŠใพใŸใฏ็ต่ซ–ใซ้”ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
11:01
conclusion of something.
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ใ€‚ ใ€Œ
11:03
It can also mean ultimately or lastly. For example,
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ๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใซใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
11:08
if someone is giving an opinion and while doing so,
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’่ฟฐในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใฎ้š›ใ€ใใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚’ๆŒใค
11:12
they give several reasons for having that opinion.
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็†็”ฑใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹ๆŒ™ใ’ใพใ™ ใ€‚
11:15
You might hear this at the end. Finally,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€่ทๅ ดใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹็”ทๅฅณๅนณ็ญ‰ใ‚’
11:18
I believe it's important to advocate for gender equity in the workplace and our
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ไธปๅผตใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
11:23
fourth word in this category. Incidentally,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฎ 4 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใกใชใฟใซใ€
11:26
this is used to introduce a related thought or idea and it comes
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹่€ƒใˆใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ ใ€่จ€ๅŠใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ
11:31
after the main topic or ideas mentioned, but with less importance.
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ไธป่ฆใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎๅพŒใซๆฅใพใ™ ใŒใ€้‡่ฆๆ€งใฏใใ‚Œใปใฉ้ซ˜ใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:36
Let's say you recently went to a theater performance and you loved it,
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ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ ๅŠ‡ๅ ดๅ…ฌๆผ”ใ‚’่ฆณใซ่กŒใฃใฆใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใŸใฎใงใ€
11:40
so you've been recommending it to friends.
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ๅ‹ไบบใซใ‚‚ๅ‹งใ‚ใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:43
You have a friend who has decided to go,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใซใฏ่กŒใใ“ใจใ‚’ๆฑบใ‚ใŸๅ‹ไบบใŒใ„ใพใ™
11:47
but she's never been to this theater before. In that conversation you might say,
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ใŒใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใ“ใ‚Œ ใพใงใ“ใฎๅŠ‡ๅ ดใซ่กŒใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ใใฎไผš่ฉฑใฎไธญใงใ€ ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€
11:53
we loved the play incidentally,
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ใŸใพใŸใพใใฎๅŠ‡ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ—ใŸใ€ๅŠ‡ๅ ดใธ
11:55
remind me to send you directions to the theater and now our final category,
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ใฎ้“้ †ใ‚’้€ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€ ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใƒผใงใ‚ใ‚‹
12:00
conjunctive adverbs. For time.
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ๆŽฅ็ถšๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ™‚้–“ใฎใŸใ‚ใซใ€‚
12:03
Here we're going to look at the words meanwhile later and now
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ meanwhile Later ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใŒใ€
12:08
meanwhile means until something expected happens
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meanwhile ใฏใ€ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใŒ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ใพใงใ€
12:13
or wow something else is happening. For example,
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏไฝ•ใ‹ไป–ใฎใ“ใจใŒ ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
12:17
perhaps you're following a series of steps to bake a cake. In that process,
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ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’็„ผใไธ€้€ฃใฎๆ‰‹้ †ใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใงใฏใ€
12:23
you might see these two steps. After you take the cake out of the oven,
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ๆฌกใฎ 2 ใคใฎใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ–ใƒณใ‹ใ‚‰ๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
12:28
the cake should cool for an hour. Meanwhile,
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1ๆ™‚้–“ใปใฉๅ†ทใพใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎ้–“ใซใƒใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใฎ
12:31
you can begin preparing the buttercream. In other words,
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ ่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
12:35
while the cake is cooling, during that time, you can begin to do something else.
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ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใŒๅ†ทใ‚ใฆใ„ใ‚‹้–“ใ€ใใฎ้–“ใซ ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
12:41
Our next word is lately, which means of late or recently.
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ๆฌกใฎๅ˜่ชžใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใ€ใคใพใ‚Š ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใพใŸใฏๆœ€่ฟ‘ใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ™ใ€‚
12:46
For example, lately I've been walking to work instead of taking the bus,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆœ€่ฟ‘็งใฏ ใƒใ‚นใซไน—ใ‚‰ใšใซๆญฉใ„ใฆไป•ไบ‹ใซ่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€
12:52
and finally the word now, which means at the present time,
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ใใ—ใฆๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ ็พๆ™‚็‚นใงใจใ„ใ†ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฎใ€Œnowใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—
12:57
it's also used when we're beginning to tell someone about something.
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ ใ€‚
13:02
Here are two examples.
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ไปฅไธ‹ใซ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:04
Now keep in mind New York is a busy city with millions of people.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒจใƒผใ‚ฏใฏ ไฝ•็™พไธ‡ไบบใ‚‚ใฎไบบใ€…ใŒ้›†ใพใ‚‹่ณ‘ใ‚„ใ‹ใช้ƒฝๅธ‚ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
13:10
In that particular sentence, I'm not talking about the present moment.
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ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใง็งใฏ ็พๅœจใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
13:13
I'm actually using the word now to begin telling someone something
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็งใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ€Œnowใ€ใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใซไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ไผใˆๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใใซไฝฟใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:19
and now here's a second example.
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ใ“ใ“ใง 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:22
It took Xena many years to sharpen her skills.
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ใ‚ผใƒŠใฏใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’็ฃจใใฎใซไฝ•ๅนดใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚
13:25
Now she mentors young people across the city and with that you have
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็พๅœจใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๅธ‚ๅ†…ๅ„ๅœฐใฎ่‹ฅ่€…ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ๅฐŽใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€
13:30
multiple examples of conjunctive,
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13:33
adverbs or linking words that can be used to help you have smooth transitions
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ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒ
13:38
and improve your flow. When you speak,
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ใจๆตใ‚Œใฎๆ”นๅ–„ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใ€ๅ‰ฏ่ฉžใ€ใพใŸใฏๆŽฅ็ถš่ฉžใฎไพ‹ใŒ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซใ€
13:41
I know these words can be challenging to learn and use,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ ๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ‚ŠไฝฟใฃใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
13:44
so I have an in-depth practice for you.
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซๅพนๅบ•็š„ใช็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
13:47
I'm going to share with you a couple of example paragraphs, and in doing so,
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ ใฎๆฎต่ฝไพ‹ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎ้š›ใ€
13:52
I want you to review the words you've learned here and try to identify
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ใ“ใ“ใงๅญฆใ‚“ใ ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใ€
13:57
example words you could use to create links between these sentences or
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎ้–“ใซใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
14:02
ideas. Of course,
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ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ใ€ไปฅไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใง
14:04
you can share your example answers with me in the comments below,
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ๅ›ž็ญ”ไพ‹ใ‚’็งใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใพใ™ ใ€‚
14:08
and I'll include my answers in the comments as well.
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็งใฎๅ›ž็ญ”ใ‚‚ใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆๆฌ„ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚
14:12
Let's take a look at the first example paragraph.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใฎๆฎต่ฝใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
14:15
Stress is a common issue in today's fast paced world.
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ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใฏใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚นใฎ้€Ÿใ„ไธ–็•Œใงใฏๅ…ฑ้€šใฎๅ•้กŒใงใ™ ใ€‚
14:20
It can be managed effectively with some simple techniques.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใชใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซ็ฎก็†ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€
14:25
Taking breaks throughout the day or going for a walk can help alleviate stress.
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ๆ—ฅไธญไผ‘ๆ†ฉใ‚’ๅ–ใฃใŸใ‚Šใ€ ๆ•ฃๆญฉใซๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใ‚’่ปฝๆธ›ใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
14:31
Meditating can help as well. What do you think?
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็ž‘ๆƒณใ‚‚ๅŠนๆžœใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ใฉใ†ๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
14:34
What two words might you use in those sentences provided?
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ๆ็คบใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
14:38
And now let's take a look at a second example. For this one,
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ๆฌกใซใ€ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€
14:42
I want you to imagine a team leader communicating in a meeting.
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ใƒใƒผใƒ  ใƒชใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใŒไผš่ญฐใงใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใจใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’ๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
14:46
The scope of this product launch is much broader than initially anticipated.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฃฝๅ“็™บๅฃฒใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใฏใ€ ๅฝ“ๅˆใฎไบˆๆƒณใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ใฏใ‚‹ใ‹ใซๅบƒ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใงใ™ใ€‚
14:52
I'll need to reevaluate our priorities and we'll ask a few team members to shift
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ๅ„ชๅ…ˆ้ †ไฝใ‚’ๅ†่ฉ•ไพกใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใซ้–“ใซๅˆใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ๆ•ฐไบบใฎใƒใƒผใƒ ใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใซใƒชใƒชใƒผใ‚นใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’็งปใ™ใ‚ˆใ†ไพ้ ผใ™ใ‚‹ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™
14:56
their focus to the launch so we can meet our deadlines.
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ใ€‚
15:01
Susan and Ahmed, I'll keep you on rebranding the campaign for X, Y,
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ใ‚นใƒผใ‚ถใƒณใจใ‚ขใƒผใƒกใƒƒใƒ‰ใ€็งใŸใกใจๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ Xใ€Yใ€Z ็คพใฎใ‚ญใƒฃใƒณใƒšใƒผใƒณใฎใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚‚ๅผ•ใ็ถšใใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™
15:05
Z company as we'll.
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ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ธใ‚งใ‚ฏใƒˆใฎ
15:06
Have some important deadlines approaching for that project as well. Again,
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้‡่ฆใช็ท ใ‚ๅˆ‡ใ‚Šใ‚‚่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใจใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซๆ˜Ž็ขบใชใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
15:12
I'd love to know what two words you think could be used to create
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ใฉใฎ 2 ใคใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹็Ÿฅใ‚ŠใŸใ„ใงใ™
15:16
clear links in those sentences and those ideas.
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15:21
If you found today's lesson helpful to you, I would love to know. As always,
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‚‰ ใ€ใœใฒใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ„ใคใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€้žๅธธใซ
15:25
you can tell me in one very simple way,
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็ฐกๅ˜ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆ•™ใˆใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚YouTube ใง
15:28
give this lesson a thumbs up here on YouTube and while you're at it,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซ้ซ˜่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎ้–“ใ€็งใฎ Confident English ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•
15:31
don't forget to subscribe so you never miss one of my Confident English lessons.
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ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ”
15:36
Thank you so much for joining me and I look forward to seeing you next time.
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ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ„ใŸใ ใ่ช ใซใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกๅ›žใŠไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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