SIMPLE PAST TENSE VS PAST PERFECT TENSE - The Difference between the Two

10,849 views ใƒป 2021-07-21

Paper English - English Danny


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Alright, question number five. What is theย  difference between simple past and past perfect?ย ย 
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์ž, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:06
For example, โ€œdid you see the class, or haveย  you seen the class?โ€ So, Iโ€™m going to switch myย ย 
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?" ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
00:13
screen here. Alright, so hopefully you guys canย  see that now. So here we have a little screen,ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
a little thing explaining the difference. So,ย  simple past is used to talk about completed andย ย 
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์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
00:29
finished past events or actions. For example,ย  โ€œI watched a film last night.โ€ This means itย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค์— ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”." ์ด๋Š”
00:38
happened in the past and it is done. Iโ€™m notย  watching a movie now, it happened last night.ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
โ€œI didn't go to school on Monday.โ€ So, thisย  is the negative form. I did not do thatย ย 
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โ€œ์›”์š”์ผ์— ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.โ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ˜•์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:54
at that time. Right, it didn't happen. In theย  question form, โ€œdid you go surfing last week?โ€ So,ย ย 
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. ๋งž์•„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด. ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์‹์—์„œ '์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ์— ์„œํ•‘ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ˆ?' ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
01:01
this is asking about a completed or finished pastย  event. And there, in those we saw the structure. Aย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๋˜๋Š” ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
normal sentence is subject + past simple verb andย  completing the sentence. So, โ€œI went to school.โ€ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ์–ด + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค."
01:20
The negative form subject + didn't + base form andย  the rest of the sentence. โ€œI didn't go to school.โ€ย ย 
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๋ถ€์ •ํ˜• ์ฃผ์–ด + didn't + ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ. "๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค."
01:29
And the question form, did + subject + baseย  form, and the rest of the question. โ€œDid you goย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ˜•์‹, did + subject + base form, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ. "ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ”์—ˆ ๋‹ˆ
01:36
to school?โ€ And again, these are all used to talkย  about completed past events, past things. So, theย ย 
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?" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ
01:44
past simple is verb plus โ€œed,โ€ but don't forgetย  about those irregular verbs like โ€œwentโ€ Right,ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์€ ๋™์‚ฌ + 'ed'์ด์ง€๋งŒ 'went'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”
01:51
we'd say, โ€œtoday I go, yesterday I went.โ€ No โ€œedโ€ย  right, don't forget about those irregular verbs.ย ย 
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. 'ed'๊ฐ€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
02:00
Now let's look at past perfect. Past perfectย  is used to express the idea that somethingย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š”
02:07
happened before another action in the past.ย  โ€œI had seen a film. I hadn't gone to school.โ€ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™ ์ด์ „์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.โ€
02:17
Had you gone, should say gone, surfing? So,ย  there we saw our structure for the past perfect.ย ย 
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๊ฐ€์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”, ์„œํ•‘์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Subject + had + participle. Subject + hadn'tย  + participle, and had + subject + participle.ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + had + ๋ถ„์‚ฌ. ์ฃผ์–ด + hadn't + ๋ถ„์‚ฌ, had + ์ฃผ์–ด + ๋ถ„์‚ฌ.
02:31
Remember, our participles are thoseย  words like, been, seen, gone, and so on.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋Š” ' been, seen, gone' ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
So, the past simple, the past participles, areย  verb plus โ€œed.โ€ Walked, โ€œI had walked.โ€ Unlessย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์— 'ed'๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค, "๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค."
02:49
we have an irregular verb like โ€œbeโ€ changes toย  โ€œbeen.โ€ Okay, so again this is about a timeline.ย ย 
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'be'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 'been'์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ. ์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
We have our past perfect, then the past simple upย  to now. So, these are really useful for talkingย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •๋ง ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
about something that happened before. So, let'sย  take a look our past perfect. โ€œPaul had gone,โ€ย ย 
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. ์ด์ œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Paul was gone"
03:14
plus our past simple โ€œSarah arrived.โ€ So ourย  sentence is, โ€œwhen Sarah arrived Paul had left.โ€ย ย 
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ "Sarah๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ '์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํด์€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
So, which action do you think happened first?ย  โ€œWhen Sarah arrived Paul had left.โ€ Well, hereย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋จผ์ € ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”? โ€œ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํด์€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ์Œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ
03:35
Paul left first, Sarah arrived after Paulย  left. So, we used the past perfect to talkย ย 
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Paul์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋– ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  Sarah๋Š” Paul์ด ๋– ๋‚œ ํ›„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜
03:44
about something that happened before another eventย  in the past. โ€œWhen Sarah arrived, Paul had left.โ€ย ย 
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . โ€œ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํด์€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€
03:52
He was already gone. Okay, let's take a lookย  at a few more examples to see this, that weย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ
04:01
use that past perfect to talk about events thatย  happened before. So, we'll just look at a few.ย ย 
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
So here, โ€œwhen we arrived to the theater,ย  they had sold all the tickets.โ€ So again,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ํŒ”์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ,
04:14
what happened first? Did they sell all the ticketsย  first? Or did we arrive to the theater first?ย ย 
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค ํŒ”์•˜๋‚˜์š” ? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๋จผ์ € ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
04:22
They sold all the tickets first. That past perfectย  is something that happened before. Before weย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ๋จผ์ € ํŒ”์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
04:29
got to the theater, all the tickets had sold.ย  Let's go to number three. โ€œI had met him beforeย ย 
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๊ทน์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ๋งค์ง„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”
04:37
he was famous.โ€ Okay, so here what happened first?ย  Was he famous first? Or did I meet him first?
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." ์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‚˜์š”? ์›๋ž˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
04:48
Here, I met him first. Our simple past is whatย  happened first before he was famous right. I hadย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
04:56
met him before he was famous. So, he became famousย  after I met him. Okay guys and Iโ€™ll leave theseย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ํ›„์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
here for a second. There we see the difference,ย  the key difference between simple past and pastย ย 
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์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
05:18
perfect past perfect is used to talk about thingsย  that happen before something else very often.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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