Use Linking Words for Smooth Transitions When Speaking English

215,835 views ใƒป 2022-11-09

Speak Confident English


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:00
Have you ever felt that heart-stopping panic when someone
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่ชฐใ‹
00:04
says, What was that? I lost you or Say that again?
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ใŒใ€Œใ‚ใ‚Œใฏไฝ•ใ ใฃใŸใฎ๏ผŸ ็ง ใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ๅคฑใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:09
I'm not following you.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒญใƒผใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
00:11
It is stressful and frustrating when others can't follow our
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ไป–ใฎไบบใŒ็งใŸใกใฎ่€ƒใˆใซๅพ“ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใฎใฏใ€ใ‚นใƒˆใƒฌใ‚นใŒใŸใพใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ใฉใ‹ใ—ใ„
00:16
ideas. And yes, of course,
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ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“
00:18
it could be distracting background noise,
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ใ€ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ‰ ใƒŽใ‚คใ‚บใŒๆฐ—ใ‚’ๆ•ฃใ‚‰ใ—
00:22
making it difficult to hear,
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€่žใๅ–ใ‚Šใซใใใ—ใŸใ‚Š
00:24
or perhaps someone is unfamiliar with a topic,
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ใ€ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใซๆ…ฃใ‚Œใฆใ„ใชใ„ไบบ
00:28
but sometimes it's a lack of smooth transitions
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ใŒใ„ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€
00:33
from one idea to the next. Let me show you what I mean.
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใซใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซ็งป่กŒใงใใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ็งใฎ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
00:38
Listen and read these examples. First,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่žใ„ใฆ่ชญใ‚“ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใพใšใ€
00:41
Helen walked to the store and bought groceries.
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ใƒ˜ใƒฌใƒณใฏๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใ€ ้ฃŸๆ–™ๅ“ใ‚’่ฒทใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:45
She went to the bank to pay her bills. She didn't go shopping.
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซ้Š€่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
00:50
There wasn't enough time.
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ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ่ถณใ‚Šใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚
00:52
Compare those sentences to Helen walked to the store and bought some
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’ใ€ใƒ˜ใƒฌใƒณ ใŒๅบ—ใซๆญฉใ„ใฆ้ฃŸๆ–™ๅ“ใ‚’่ฒทใฃใŸใจๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:57
groceries. Then she went to the bank to pay her bills. However,
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ๆ›ธใ‚’ๆ”ฏๆ‰•ใ†ใŸใ‚ใซ้Š€่กŒใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ๆ™‚้–“ใŒ่ถณใ‚Š
01:02
she didn't go shopping since there wasn't enough time.
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ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ่ฒทใ„็‰ฉใซ่กŒใ ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
01:05
What differences do you notice in those groups of sentences?
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใงใ€ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™ใ‹? ใฉใกใ‚‰ใŒ
01:09
Is one easier to understand than the other or does one have more clarity,
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็†่งฃใ—ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ ใ‹ใ€ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆ˜Žๅฟซใง
01:14
more flow?
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ๆตใ‚Œใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–นใงใ™ใ‹?
01:16
You may have noticed that I sprinkled in just a few extra words
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ใŠๆฐ—ไป˜ใใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
01:20
in that second example. I included the words then however,
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ใ€ใ“ใฎ 2 ็•ช็›ฎใฎไพ‹ใงใฏใ€ใปใ‚“ใฎๆ•ฐ่ชžใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€็งใฏใใฎๆ™‚ใ€ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œไปฅๆฅใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅซใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
01:25
and since.
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ใ€‚
01:27
These small but mighty words are linking words,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฐใ•ใ„ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅผทๅŠ›ใช ๅ˜่ชžใฏ
01:32
linking words,
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01:33
also known as sentence transitions or transition words,
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ใ€ๆ–‡้ท็งปใพใŸใฏ้ท็งป่ชžใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹้€ฃ็ต่ชžใ€้€ฃ็ต่ชžใงใ‚ใ‚Š
01:38
help your sentences to flow smoothly from one to
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ใ€ๆ–‡ใŒๆฌกใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใธใจ ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซๆตใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใ€
01:43
another, allowing for improved clarity.
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ๆ˜Ž็žญใ•ใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚
01:46
When you speak in English,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ่‹ฑ่ชžใง่ฉฑใ™ใจใใ€
01:49
those linking words allow your listeners to easily follow
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้€ฃ็ต่ชžใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ่žใๆ‰‹ใฏ
01:54
you as you transition from one sentence to another and another.
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ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ใธใจ็งป่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใซใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซใคใ„ใฆ็ฐกๅ˜ใซ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ .
01:58
In other words,
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
01:59
they don't get lost in this Confident English lesson. Today,
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ใ“ใฎ ่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง่ฟทๅญใซใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใง่ฉฑใ™ใจใใซ
02:04
you're going to learn eight ways to use linking words and phrases
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02:09
for those smooth, clear transitions when you speak in English,
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ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใงๆ˜Ž็ขบใชใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ๅ˜่ชž
02:13
and I'll give you multiple examples so you can use these sentence
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ใ‚„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ใคใชใ 8 ใคใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅญฆใณใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–‡ใฎ
02:18
transitions with accuracy and confidence.
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ใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใ‹ใค่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎไพ‹ใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:35
Before we get started, if you don't already know,
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ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€ ใพใ ใ”ๅญ˜ใ˜ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€
02:37
I'm Annemarie with Speak Confident English.
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็งใฏ Speak Confident English ใฎ Annemarie ใงใ™ใ€‚
02:40
Everything I do is designed to help you get the confidence you want for your
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็งใŒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ™ในใฆใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฎ็”Ÿๆดปใจไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฟ…่ฆใช่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จญ่จˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:44
life and work in English.
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.
02:46
One way I do that is with my weekly Confident English lessons where I share my
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ใใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€ๆฏŽ้€ฑใฎ Confident English ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใงใฏ
02:51
top fluency and confidence-building strategies as well as tips for how
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ใ€ๆตๆšขใ•ใจ่‡ชไฟก ใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆˆฆ็•ฅใฎใปใ‹ใ€
02:56
to communicate with clarity in English just like in this lesson today.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงๆ˜Žๅฟซใซใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ใจใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใฎใƒ’ใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:01
So if you find this lesson helpful to you,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃใŸใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ใ€
03:03
make sure that you give it a thumbs up here on YouTube and subscribe to my Speak
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YouTube ใง้ซ˜่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ไป˜ใ‘ใฆใ€
03:08
Confident English YouTube channel so you never miss one of my Confident English
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่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใ‚’่ฉฑใ™ YouTube ใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซ็™ป้Œฒใ—ใฆ ใ€่‡ชไฟกใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎ
03:12
lessons.
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ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ•ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
03:13
Before we get into our eight different ways to use linking words,
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ 8 ใคใฎ็•ฐใชใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใซๅ…ฅใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€
03:18
I want to answer two important questions. Number one,
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2 ใคใฎ้‡่ฆใช่ณชๅ•ใซ็ญ”ใˆใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฌฌไธ€ใซใ€
03:21
why are linking words so important and number two,
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใคใชใใ“ใจใฏใชใœใใ‚Œใปใฉ ้‡่ฆใชใฎใ‹ใ€ใใ—ใฆ็ฌฌไบŒ
03:24
where do you put them in the sentence? So first, why are they so important?
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ใซใ€ๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ“ใซใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’้…็ฝฎใ—ใพใ™ใ‹? ใพใšใ€ใชใœใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใใ‚Œใปใฉ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
03:30
Linking words create smooth transitions from one sentence to
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใคใชใใ“ใจใง ใ€ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅˆฅใฎๆ–‡ใธใฎใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒใŒไฝœๆˆใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
03:34
another. In other words, they create a logical flow.
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ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Š ใ€่ซ–็†ใƒ•ใƒญใƒผใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:39
For example,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆฏ”่ผƒ
03:40
they help us indicate whether we are making a comparison or identifying
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ใ‚’่กŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ€2 ใคใฎใ‚‚ใฎใฎ้กžไผผ็‚นใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™
03:45
similarities between two things.
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ใ€‚
03:48
They help us show contrast or indicate that we're adding on
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ€ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’ ่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็คบใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
03:53
a detail,
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03:54
linking words indicate a sequence and also create
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฏใ€ ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ—ใ€็ตๆŸใ‚‚็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ—ใพใ™
03:58
cohesion.
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ใ€‚ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ˜่ชž
04:00
They can draw attention to specific words and bring emphasis
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ใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ
04:05
to what we're saying, and when used regularly,
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ใ€็™บ่จ€ๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ๅฎšๆœŸ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จ
04:08
they act as a map helping your listeners follow you as you speak.
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ ่žใๆ‰‹ใŒใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฉฑใซ่ฟฝๅพ“ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใƒžใƒƒใƒ—ใจใ—ใฆๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:13
Not only is it important to use them,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€
04:16
but we have to know where to put them in the sentence to ensure clarity
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ๆ˜Ž็žญใ•ใจๆง‹ๆˆใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
04:20
and organization, so whether you're writing or speaking aloud,
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ๆ–‡ใฎใฉใ“ใซ็ฝฎใในใใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:25
linking words can be placed at the beginning of a sentence in between
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04:30
a sentence or an idea,
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ๆ–‡ใพใŸใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ€
04:32
and at the start of every major point in an argument. For example,
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ใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎใ™ในใฆใฎไธป่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฎ้–‹ๅง‹ๆ™‚ใซ ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟ
04:38
let's take a look at two sentences to highlight this. At first,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ
04:42
the book introduces the history of psychology.
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ใ€ใ“ใฎๆœฌ ใฏๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆใฎๆญดๅฒใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:46
Later it shifts to contemporary studies and theories.
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ใใฎๅพŒใ€็พไปฃใฎ ็ ”็ฉถใ‚„็†่ซ–ใซ็งป่กŒใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:51
In these two examples,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 2 ใคใฎไพ‹
04:52
we have linking words that come at the beginning of the sentence.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ–‡้ ญใซๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
04:56
They also indicate the start of a new point.
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ใพใŸ ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใฎ้–‹ๅง‹ใ‚‚็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
05:00
This helps your listeners follow the flow of ideas and make connections
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ใ“ใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใƒชใ‚นใƒŠใƒผ ใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใฎๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ใŸใฉใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ตใณไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ
05:05
between them. With that in mind,
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ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅฟต้ ญใซ็ฝฎใ„ใฆใ€
05:07
let's get to our first use of linking words to reiterate
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใŸใฏ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ•ใซๅ–ใ‚ŠๆŽ›ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:13
or repeat. From time to time,
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ใ€‚ ๆ™‚ใซใฏใ€ใ™ใงใซ่ฟฐในใŸ
05:15
it may be necessary to repeat something that has already been said.
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ใ“ใจใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
05:20
We typically do this in an effort to clarify or
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็งใŸใกใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ไปฅๅ‰ใซ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œ ใŸใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€
05:25
draw attention to or bring emphasis to something that has been said previously.
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ๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™.
05:30
To indicate this, we have multiple linking words and phrases we can use,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€็งใŒ
05:34
including as I already mentioned, as I've said,
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ใ™ใงใซ ่ฟฐในใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸ
05:40
to repeat as Sarah said or like Sarah said,
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใ‚ตใƒฉใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ใพใŸใฏใ‚ตใƒฉใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸ
05:45
or simply again,
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05:47
let's look at how we might use these in an example sentence.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆŽฅ็ถšๅ˜่ชžใจใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:52
Imagine you're at a meeting discussing your company's social media strategy,
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ไผš็คพใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ขๆˆฆ็•ฅใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆ
05:56
and in that meeting,
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ใ„ใ‚‹ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‡บๅธญใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ€ใใฎไผš่ญฐ
05:57
a coworker suggests a change in response, you say,
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ใงๅŒๅƒšใŒ ๅฏพๅฟœใฎๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’ๆๆกˆใ—ใŸใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ
06:02
As Linny said,
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ใ€Linny ใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๆˆฆ็•ฅใซๅคงใใชๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹
06:04
we should wait for more data before making any major changes to our strategy.
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ๅ‰ใซใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใ‚’ๅพ…ใคๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ ใ€‚
06:09
The second use of linking words and phrases is to create
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ๅ˜่ชžใจใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ 2 ใค็›ฎใฎ็”จ้€”ใฏ
06:14
a sequence.
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ใ€ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
06:16
A sequence helps us understand the order of events,
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ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใฏ ใ€ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใก
06:20
and if you're communicating multiple ideas,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ไผใˆใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
06:24
it's important for others to understand the timing or the sequence.
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ใ€ไป–ใฎไบบใŒ ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใพใŸใฏใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
06:29
Using linking words effectively not only allows for those smoother transitions,
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ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใซใชใ‚‹
06:34
but it also allows your listeners to follow your train of thought and
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ใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€่žใๆ‰‹
06:39
understand the timing or the sequence.
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ใŒไธ€้€ฃใฎๆ€่€ƒใฎๆตใ‚Œใ‚’ใŸใฉใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒŸใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚„้ †ๅบใ‚’็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œ
06:43
Common linking words we use for this include first, second,
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ใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใซใฏ ใ€firstใ€secondใ€
06:48
third, last, before, beforehand,
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thirdใ€lastใ€beforeใ€beforeใ€
06:53
after, afterward, then, next,
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afterใ€afterwardใ€thenใ€nextใ€
06:57
at the same time, meanwhile and many more,
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at the same timeใ€smainwhile ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใฎ
07:01
if you want to get additional examples of linking words you can use to
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่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ–ๅพ—ใ—ใŸใ„ ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ฑใƒณใ‚นใ‚’็คบใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไฝฟ็”จใ—
07:06
indicate sequence,
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ใพใ™ใ€‚Speak Confident English Web ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใฎ
07:07
I recommend you visit this lesson at the Speak Confident English website where
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“
07:11
I've also included a written portion with more examples than what I've shared
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ใซใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใงๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚‚ๅคšใใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ๆ›ธ้ข้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚‚ๅซใพใ‚Œใฆ
07:15
here and now.
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ใ„ใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒๆ–‡ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹
07:17
Let's consider another scenario so we can see how these would be used in a
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ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ‚ทใƒŠใƒชใ‚ชใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:21
sentence.
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ใ€‚ ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚„ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ญใƒผใ‚’็„ผใใŸใ‚ใฎ
07:22
Think about the last time you made a recipe perhaps for baking a
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ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚’ๆœ€ๅพŒใซไฝœใฃใŸใจใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’
07:27
cake or baking some cookies. In sharing that recipe,
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ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใฎใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ”ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹้š›ใซใ€
07:31
someone very likely used sequencing words to help you
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่ชฐใ‹ใŒไธ€้€ฃใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ใ‚นใƒ†ใƒƒใƒ—ใฎ้ †ๅบใ‚’็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๅŠฉใ‘ใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้žๅธธใซ้ซ˜ใ„
07:36
understand the order of steps. For example,
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. ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
07:40
first mix the butter and sugar together,
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ๆœ€ๅˆใซใƒใ‚ฟใƒผใจ็ ‚็ณ–ใ‚’ๆททใœๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰
07:44
then add the eggs one at a time. Without those transitions,
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ใ€ๅตใ‚’ 1 ใคใšใคๅŠ ใˆ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้ท็งปใŒใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ
07:49
it's possible that recipe could go terribly wrong.
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ใ€ใƒฌใ‚ทใƒ” ใŒใฒใฉใ้–“้•ใฃใŸใ‚‚ใฎใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
07:53
Our third use of linking words is to express conditions.
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใฎ 3 ใค็›ฎใฎไฝฟ็”จๆณ• ใฏใ€ๆกไปถใ‚’่กจใ™ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
07:59
In other words,
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่จ€ใ„ๆ›ใˆใ‚Œใฐใ€
08:00
one thing may only be true or may only occur due to
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ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ็œŸๅฎŸใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐใ€ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใŒๅŽŸๅ› ใงใฎใฟ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
08:05
another. For example, if you're discussing plans on starting a business,
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ ใ€ใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚นใ‚’ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹่จˆ็”ปใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
08:10
you might say to someone,
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ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใซใ“ใ†่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œ
08:12
I'm on track to starting my business next year so long as I
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08:17
continue saving money and we don't have a downturn in the economy,
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚
08:21
one thing will only happen so long as another thing
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ๅˆฅใฎใ“ใจใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹็™บ็”Ÿใ— ใชใ„้™ใ‚Šใ€1 ใคใฎใ“ใจ
08:26
occurs or doesn't occur. There's a condition.
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ใŒ็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆกไปถใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹
08:30
Other linking words and phrases we can use for this include as long as
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ใใฎไป–ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚„ๅฅใซ ใฏใ€่จฑๅฏใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹้™ใ‚Šใ€
08:36
granted or provided that in the event that
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ใพใŸใฏๆกไปถๆ–‡
08:41
if and then that structure we typically use with conditional sentences
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ใง้€šๅธธไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใใฎๆง‹้€ ใŒๅซใพใ‚Œ
08:47
and less and now use number four,
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ใ€็พๅœจใฏ 4 ็•ช
08:50
we use linking words to provide support or to illustrate.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใ€ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ› ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใค
08:55
I'm quite sure you already use quite a few linking words that help you
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ใ‹ใชใ‚Šใฎๆ•ฐใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏ ใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚’ๆ—ขใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ็ขบไฟกใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:00
provide support. One very common one is,
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ใ€‚ ้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไพ‹ใฎ 1 ใคใฏใ€
09:04
for example or such as these transitions allow
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ
09:09
you to share examples to expand on your ideas
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ ใ—ใฆใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ‹กๅผตใ—ใŸใ‚Š
09:14
or provide support for your particular opinion or idea.
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ใ€ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๆ„่ฆ‹ใ‚„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ—ใŸใ‚Šใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ
09:19
Additional examples of this include, for instance,
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่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎไพ‹ใซ ใฏใ€ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
09:23
in other words, to put it differently, to put it another way,
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ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–น
09:28
that is to say, and namely,
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ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅˆฅใฎ่จ€ใ„ๆ–นใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใคใพใ‚Šใ€
09:31
if you want a few more examples,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใชๅ ดๅˆ
09:34
I recommend visiting this lesson at the Speak Comfort English website.
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ใฏใ€Speak Comfort English ใฎใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใซใ‚ขใ‚ฏใ‚ปใ‚นใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ Webใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใ€‚
09:37
Once again, I've listed several more there in writing.
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็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏ ใใ“ใซใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ๆ›ธ้ขใงใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใ—ใพใ—ใŸ.
09:42
As I mentioned earlier in this lesson,
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฎๅ‰ๅŠใง่ฟฐในใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
09:44
linking words allow us to indicate whether we're drawing comparisons or
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ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒใ‚’ๆใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹
09:48
highlighting contrasts,
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ใ€ๅฏพๆฏ”ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟ
09:50
and that is exactly what we're going to look at with use. Number five,
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’็คบใ™ใ“ใจ ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ 5 ใค
09:53
we'll look at a series of linking words and phrases that
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็›ฎใฏใ€ๆฏ”่ผƒใ‚„ๅฏพๆฏ”ใซ็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคไธ€้€ฃใฎ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ ๅ˜่ชžใ‚„ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’่ฆ‹
09:58
help bring focus to a comparison or contrast.
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ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ ใ€‚
10:03
If we want to highlight contrast,
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ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏ
10:05
here are a few examples of linking words you can use in
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ใ€ๅฏพ็…ง็š„ใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏ
10:10
contrast on the contrary,
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10:13
on the one hand and on the other hand even so,
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ใ™ใ‚‹ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹
10:18
or even though in spite of unlike,
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10:22
but however, and whereas,
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ใ‚’ๆฌกใซ็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
10:26
let's take a look at an example sentence and then we'll talk about linking words
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ไพ‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟ ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ๆฌกใซใ€ๆฏ”่ผƒใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ˜่ชžใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™
10:30
we use for comparisons.
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ใ€‚ ไผš็คพใฎใ‚ฝใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚ข ใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ๅˆใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไผš่ญฐใซๅ‚ๅŠ 
10:32
Let's go back to that scenario of being in a meeting where you're
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ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใƒŠใƒชใ‚ชใซๆˆปใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:37
discussing your company's social media policy.
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ใ€‚
10:41
Perhaps you're trying to convince your coworkers to make a change,
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏๅŒๅƒšใซๅค‰ๆ›ดใ‚’ๅŠ ใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†่ชฌๅพ—ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
10:46
and in doing so, you might say, On the one hand,
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ€Œ ไธ€ๆ–นใงใฏใ€ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹
10:49
there are benefits to waiting until we see the data,
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ใพใงๅพ…ใคใ“ใจใซใฏๅˆฉ็‚นใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
10:53
but on the other hand, the longer we wait,
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ใŒใ€ไป–ๆ–นใงใฏใ€้•ทใๅพ…ใคใปใฉใ€
10:57
the more we risk losing our audience. Now,
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่ฆ–่ด่€…ใ‚’ๅคฑใ†ใƒชใ‚นใ‚ฏใŒ้ซ˜ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ“ใงใ€้กžไผผ็‚น
11:00
when we want to address similarities or make comparisons,
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ใซๅฏพๅ‡ฆใ— ใŸใ‚Šๆฏ”่ผƒใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใ€ๅŒๆง˜ใซ
11:04
here are several examples of linking words you can use
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ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏๅ˜่ชžใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ใ„ใใคใ‹็คบใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:08
likewise,
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€
11:09
like similarly in comparison in
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ๅŒๆง˜ใซ
11:14
the same manner or in the same way,
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ใ€ๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ€ใพใŸใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใงๆฏ”่ผƒ
11:17
and just as for example,
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
11:20
let's say you and your partner are narrowing down your options for a property
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ใ‚ใชใŸใจใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใƒŠใƒผใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ่ณผๅ…ฅใ—ใŸใ„ ็‰ฉไปถใฎ้ธๆŠž่‚ขใ‚’็ตžใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
11:24
you'd like to purchase. In your conversation, you might say,
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ใ€‚ ไผš่ฉฑใฎไธญใงใ€ใ€Œ
11:29
Just as the first house we looked at is by the water and has great views,
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็งใŸใกใŒๆœ€ๅˆใซ่ฆ‹ใŸๅฎถ ใฏๆฐด่พบใซใ‚ใ‚Šใ€็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ๆ™ฏ่‰ฒใ‚’็œบใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
11:34
the last house has the same, It's just a bit cheaper.
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅฎถใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ ใงใ™ใ€‚ๅฐ‘ใ—ๅฎ‰ใ„ใ ใ‘ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
11:39
Our sixth use for linking words is to add on or
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ๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใฎ 6 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จ้€”ใฏ
11:44
to expand an idea, and once again,
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ใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใพใŸใฏๆ‹กๅผตใ™ใ‚‹
11:47
I'm quite sure you're using many of these linking words already.
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ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใฎๅคšใใฏๆ—ขใซไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:51
This list includes in addition to additionally,
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ใ“ใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใซใฏ ใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€
11:56
furthermore, moreover,
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ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€
11:58
also plus and as well as imagine
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12:03
you're telling a friend all the reasons she should watch your favorite show
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ใ‚ใชใŸใŒๅ‹ไบบใซ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎ็•ช็ต„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ™ในใฆใฎ
12:09
and in order to convince her you want to add on multiple
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12:13
reasons. Here's how you might do that.
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็†็”ฑใ‚’ไผใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจๆƒณๅƒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’่กŒใ†ๆ–นๆณ•ใฏๆฌกใฎใจใŠใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚
12:17
This show focuses on real stories and retail's events in an exciting way,
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ใ“ใฎใ‚ทใƒงใƒผใฏใ€ๅฎŸ่ฉฑใจ ๅฐๅฃฒๅบ—ใฎใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใซใ‚จใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚คใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒณใ‚ฐใชๆ–นๆณ•ใง็„ฆ็‚นใ‚’ๅฝ“ใฆใฆใŠใ‚Š
12:23
plus the actors are great.
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ใ€ไฟณๅ„ชใ‚‚็ด ๆ™ดใ‚‰ใ—ใ„.
12:25
Our seventh use on this list today is to emphasize or draw
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใ“ใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฎ 7 ็•ช็›ฎใฎ็”จๆณ• ใฏใ€ๅฎŸ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹
12:29
attention to something that is important to do that we use
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ใ“ใจ ใŒ้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใ‚’
12:34
linking words and phrases such as it's important to
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ๅผท่ชฟใ—ใŸใ‚Šๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅผ•ใ„ ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
12:39
realize indeed, in fact, of course,
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ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใ€ๅฎŸ้š›ใซใฏใ€ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“
12:44
in truth, surely and besides. For example,
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ใ€็œŸๅฎŸใซใ€็ขบใ‹ใซใ€ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏๅฎŸ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
12:49
let's say a coworker really needed some help,
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๅŒๅƒšใŒๆœฌๅฝ“ใซๅŠฉใ‘ใ‚’ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ—ใฆใ„
12:53
so you have decided to take on some of her workload, but oh,
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ใŸใฎใงใ€ๅฝผๅฅณใฎไป•ไบ‹ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’
12:57
she's feeling kind of bad and guilty, so you want to reassure her.
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ๅผ•ใๅ—ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆฑบใ‚ใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
13:02
In doing that, you might say,
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€
13:05
Don't worry about any of this besides Kiko will be helping me as well,
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ใ‚ญใ‚ณใŒ็งใ‚‚ๅŠฉใ‘ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจไปฅๅค–ใฏๅฟƒ้…ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€
13:10
and now use number eight for linking words is to conclude
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠใ€ๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ใคใชใใŸใ‚ใซ8็•ชใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใฏใ€็ต่ซ–
13:15
or summarize. When you shared multiple ideas,
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ใพใŸใฏ่ฆ็ด„ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™. ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—
13:19
it's always useful to summarize the key points and highlight
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ใŸๅ ดๅˆใฏ ใ€้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใ€
13:23
that final conclusion to help you do that effectively and
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ใใฎๆœ€็ต‚็š„ใช็ต่ซ–ใ‚’ๅผท่ชฟ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใซ่กŒใ„
13:28
tell your audience precisely what is happening.
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ใ€่ฆ–่ด่€… ใซไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซไผใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:31
Let them know that you are now summarizing the key details or you're
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้‡่ฆใช่ฉณ็ดฐใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€ใพใŸใฏ
13:36
bringing them to the concluding point.
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็ต่ซ–ใซ้”ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ไผใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
13:39
You can use these linking words and phrases to summarize
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ
13:44
in brief, in short, in essence,
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ใ€็ฐกๆฝ”ใซ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๆœฌ่ณช
13:48
overall and to sum up, these are all useful.
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็š„ใซ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ€ๅ…จไฝ“็š„ใซใพใจใ‚ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
13:52
To help your audience understand that you are going to summarize or
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้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆ ใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใพใŸใฏ็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—่ฟฐในใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’่ด่ก†ใŒ็†่งฃใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™
13:57
restate the key points. For example,
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ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€้•ทใ„ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใŒ
14:00
let's say you're coming to the end of a long presentation and you want to
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็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€่ฆ็‚น ใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—ไผใˆใŸใ„ใจใ—ใพใ™
14:04
reiterate the key points. You can do that by saying,
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ใ€‚
14:09
in brief,
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็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่จ€ใˆใฐใ€ๅ†็”Ÿๅฏ่ƒฝใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผๆบ
14:10
we can cut carbon emissions by carpooling using
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚ซใƒผใƒ—ใƒผใƒซใ—
14:15
renewable energy sources and upgrading our homes to be energy
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ใ€ๅฎถใ‚’ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚ฎใƒผ
14:19
efficient. After you've done that,
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ๅŠน็Ž‡ใฎ่‰ฏใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซใ‚ขใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ฐใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ไบŒ้…ธๅŒ–็‚ญ็ด ๆŽ’ๅ‡บ้‡ใ‚’ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใงใใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚ŒใŒ็ต‚ใ‚ใฃ
14:22
you can go on to a clear conclusion and use linking words such as
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ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ๆ˜Ž็ขบใช็ต่ซ–ใธ ใจ้€ฒใฟใ€in ็ต่ซ–ใชใฉใฎๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€
14:27
in conclusion, to conclude finally,
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€
14:32
thus, therefore, and as a result,
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ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€็ตๆžœใจใ—ใฆใ€
14:37
if we were to continue those sentences where you summarized your presentation,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒ†ใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใ‚’่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸๆ–‡ใ‚’็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
14:42
your final sentence might be to conclude,
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆ–‡
14:45
cutting carbon emissions at home is an easy and small step we should all take.
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ใฏใ€ๅฎถๅบญใงใฎไบŒ้…ธๅŒ–็‚ญ็ด ๆŽ’ๅ‡บ้‡ใ‚’ๅ‰Šๆธ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใ€ ็งใŸใกๅ…จๅ“กใŒๅ–ใ‚‹ในใ็ฐกๅ˜ใงๅฐใ•ใชไธ€ๆญฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็ต่ซ–ใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“.
14:50
Take to finish this lesson on linking words and linking
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ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’ๅฎŒไบ† ใ—ใฆใ€ๅ˜่ชžใจ
14:55
phrases that allow you to speak with clarity and have smooth transitions.
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ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ใคใชใ’ใฆใ€ๆ˜Ž็žญใซ่ฉฑใ—ใ€ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใซ็งป่กŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’
14:59
Let's talk about how you can practice this.
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ใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซๅฎŸ่ทตใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
15:02
I want you to first identify a topic that you feel particularly
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ใพใšใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใŒ็‰นใซๆƒ…็†ฑใ‚’ๆณจใ„ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
15:07
passionate about. It could be something related to politics.
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ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏ ๆ”ฟๆฒปใซ้–ขไฟ‚ใ™ใ‚‹ไฝ•ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:10
It could be a situation happening at work where you have a potential solution
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ใใ‚Œ ใฏใ€ๆฝœๅœจ็š„ใช่งฃๆฑบ็ญ–ใ‚„ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใŒใ‚ใ‚‹่ทๅ ดใง่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹็Šถๆณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
15:15
or an idea you'd like to share.
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.
15:18
Spend a couple of minutes doing a mind map or writing down the key points
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ๆ•ฐๅˆ†ใ‹ใ‘ใฆใƒžใ‚คใƒณใƒ‰ ใƒžใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹
15:23
to your argument or what you might want to share with someone to convince
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ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไธปๅผตใฎ้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚„ ใ€่ชฐใ‹ใจๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใŸใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚
15:28
them that you have the right idea. Once you have those key points down,
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ใฆใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒๆญฃใ—ใ„่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ธๆ‰‹ใซ็ดๅพ—ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้‡่ฆใชใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ๆŠŠๆกใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€
15:34
try to expand on them, add support.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ๆ‹กๅผตใ—ใ€ใ‚ตใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:37
Maybe you've had a past experience or there's something you've read, heard,
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้ŽๅŽปใซ็ตŒ้จ“ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—ใ€่ชญใ‚“ใ ใ‚Š่žใ„ใŸใ‚Šใ—ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
15:42
or some data that supports your position.
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ใ—ใ€่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎ็ซ‹ๅ ดใ‚’่ฃไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‹ใƒ‡ใƒผใ‚ฟใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
15:45
Write that information down as well. Then when you're ready,
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ใใฎๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ‚‚ๆ›ธใ็•™ใ‚ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใŒใงใใŸใ‚‰ใ€
15:50
I want you to practice talking about it out loud.
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ๅฃฐใซๅ‡บใ—ใฆ่ฉฑใ™็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚
15:53
Share your thoughts on that political situation,
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ใใฎๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„็Šถๆณใซใคใ„ใฆ
15:56
Share your idea out loud, and most importantly, record it.
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่€ƒใˆใ‚’ๅคงๅฃฐใงๅ…ฑๆœ‰ใ—ใ€ใใ—ใฆ ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใ“ใจใจใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ˜้Œฒใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„.
16:01
While you do that,
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ใใฎ้š›
16:02
try to sprinkle in some of these linking words to reiterate an important
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ใ€้‡่ฆใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’็นฐใ‚Š่ฟ”ใ—
16:07
topic or to expand on an idea,
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚’ๆ‹กๅผตใ—
16:11
to add an example or to summarize. Once you've done it,
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ใŸใ‚Šใ€ไพ‹ใ‚’่ฟฝๅŠ ใ—ใŸใ‚Š ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰ใฎใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚’ๆ•ฃใ‚Šใฐใ‚ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„. ๅฎŒไบ†ใ—
16:16
you can stop the recording and then go back and listen to it.
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ใŸใ‚‰ใ€้Œฒ้Ÿณใ‚’ๅœๆญขใ—ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ€ๆˆปใฃใฆ่žใใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ไฝฟ็”จ
16:20
Pay attention to the linking words that you used and also evaluate.
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ใ—ใŸๆŽฅ็ถš่ชžใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใ„ใ€ ่ฉ•ไพกใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
16:25
Are there opportunities where you could have used more?
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ใ‚‚ใฃใจๆดป็”จใงใใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
16:29
Following this process is one of the most effective ways you can improve your
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ใ“ใฎใƒ—ใƒญใ‚ปใ‚นใซๅพ“ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ ใ€ใ‚ณใƒŸใƒฅใƒ‹ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ทใƒงใƒณ ใ‚นใ‚ญใƒซใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ€ใ‚นใƒ ใƒผใ‚บใช็งป่กŒใ‚’็ขบๅฎŸใซ่กŒใ†ใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€ใ‚‚ๅŠนๆžœ็š„ใชๆ–นๆณ•ใฎ 1 ใค
16:33
communication skills and make sure you're using those smooth transitions.
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ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:39
If you found this lesson helpful to you today, I would love to know.
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ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใŒๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฃ ใŸใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใœใฒใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ YouTube ใง
16:42
You can always give it a thumbs up here on YouTube and don't forget,
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ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚้ซ˜่ฉ•ไพกใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ
16:47
subscribe to this channel as well so you never miss one of my Confident English
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใพใŸใ€ใ“ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใซใ‚‚็™ป้Œฒใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่‡ชไฟกใซๆบ€ใกใŸ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹้€ƒใ™ใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
16:51
lessons. Thank you so much for joining me,
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ใ€‚ ใ”ๅ‚ๅŠ ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ๆฌกๅ›žใŠ
16:54
and I look forward to seeing you next time.
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ไผšใ„ใงใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’ๆฅฝใ—ใฟใซใ— ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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