Parts of Speech: Adverbs, Prepositions, Interjections - English Grammar (3/3)

31,716 views ใƒป 2018-04-28

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:05
Hi everyone. It's Jennifer. Are you ready to finish our look at the parts of speech in English?
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์•ผ. ์˜์–ด ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
00:13
Let's review what we've talked about so far. As we look at each part of speech, we identify two things:
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณต์Šตํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:21
function and placement. We look at what a word does and where it goes in a sentence.
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
We looked at nouns as subjects, objects, and complements.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด, ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด, ๋ณด์™„์–ด๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Statements the word order is subject + verb.
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๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ์ฃผ์–ด+๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
My family traveled.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Objects can follow a verb or a preposition. We visited national and state parks.
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๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Complements follow linking verbs.
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๋ณด์–ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
First on our stop was Mount Rushmore.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์ง€์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” Rushmore ์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
We know that pronouns can replace nouns and function the same way in a sentence.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Do you know the four presidents on Mount Rushmore? Can you name them?
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ชจ์–ด ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋„ค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:21
Determiners help us specify what or who we're talking about.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Determiners go before a noun or before a pronoun as in: a monument,
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ํ•œ์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ,
01:35
the presidents,
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น,
01:37
the one on the left.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
01:42
Verbs express an action or a state.
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๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Verbs usually follow a subject, but in a question, we invert the word order or switch them.
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๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด์ˆœ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Usually it's a helping verb that comes first. For example: Do you know Mount Rushmore?
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์˜ค๋Š” ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: Rushmore ์‚ฐ์„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:01
Some verbs are transitive and take an object as in: We visited South Dakota.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. We visit South Dakota.
02:10
Some verbs are linking verbs and they link a complement to a subject, as in: Mount Rushmore was beautiful.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Mount Rushmore was beautiful.
02:20
Beautiful is an example of an adjective. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns, meaning people or things.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Adjectives can appear before a noun or after a linking verb.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
We saw lots of big buffalo.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํฐ ๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
02:43
The prairie dogs were cute.
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ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ๋„๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ท€์—ฌ์› ๋‹ค.
02:48
Remember the order in a noun phrase:
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๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”:
02:51
determiner, adjective, and then noun.
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ํ•œ์ •์‚ฌ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ.
02:53
Adjectives follow determiners and never go before as in: lots of big buffalo,
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ž์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋งŽ์€ ํฐ ๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ,
03:00
those cute prairie dogs.
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๊ทธ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋„๊ทธ.
03:06
Conjunctions are words that join. We can build phrases,
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์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:11
lists, and longer sentences with the help of conjunctions.
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์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ, ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋” ๊ธด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
In Part 3, we'll now look at the remaining parts of speech:
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3๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์ธ
03:48
adverbs, prepositions, and interjections.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ, ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ, ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Adverbs can modify or give more information about verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ, ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Adverbs are often single words like "suddenly," but they can also be a phrase like "of course."
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… "suddenly"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ "๋ฌผ๋ก "๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Adverbs answer the basic questions how where, and when?
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:37
Adverbs can also perform bigger jobs and modify a clause or a whole sentence
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ํฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Because adverbs can modify different
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:56
elements in a sentence,
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04:57
it's no surprise that adverbs can have different positions within a sentence.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
They can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end.
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์‹œ์ž‘, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
If an adverb modifies a single word, it generally sticks close to that word with little or no separation.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
In terms of word order, you'll see these common combinations:
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์–ด์ˆœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
verb + adverb
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๋™์‚ฌ + ๋ถ€์‚ฌ
05:43
adverb + adjective
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ + ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜
05:47
With a smaller number of adverbs, you'll see the combination adjective + adverb.
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์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ + ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Other combinations are adverb + adverb and
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ + ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ
06:03
adverb + a clause.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ + ์ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
How can you recognize adverbs? Remember I said you can't always tell the part of speech by looking at a word.
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:18
It's true that many adverbs end in -ly. These adverbs usually answer the question HOW?
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ HOW?๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
How do you run? Quickly. How do they talk? Excitedly.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ.
06:34
So in many cases, we can form adverbs by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์— ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ -ly๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
But some adjectives end in -ly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
So don't make the mistake of thinking that all words that end in -ly are adverbs.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
06:52
If I talk about friendly people and lovely landscapes, I'm describing people and landscapes with adjectives.
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์นœ๊ทผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Some adjectives and adverbs share the same form. "Fast" and "slow" are two examples.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋น ๋ฆ„"๊ณผ "๋Š๋ฆผ"์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
Here's another example: high.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋†’์Œ.
07:17
Devils Tower is really high.
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๋ฐ๋นŒ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋†’๋‹ค.
07:23
Hikers can climb high in the Badlands.
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๋“ฑ์‚ฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€์—์„œ ๋†’์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Note that in informal American English, we also use the words "real" and "good" as adverbs.
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๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” "์ง„์งœ"์™€ "์ข‹์€"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Grammar books may say that's wrong, but you'll hear these uses in everyday conversation.
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ฑ…์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
So what kinds of adverbs are there?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:06
There isn't always agreement on groupings or names.
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๊ทธ๋ฃนํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Some sources list four types of adverbs: manner, place, time, and degree.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์žฅ์†Œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
Others add a fifth type because they distinguish between time and frequency.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
I'm going to list seven types of adverbs. I could go up to eight, nine, or even ten.
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7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 8, 9, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 10๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
I agree with the approach of combining types of adverbs when it's logical
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
There's a lot of terminology,
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๋งŽ์€ ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:38
but remember our main goal is to understand function and syntax.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:44
Knowing how to use all of these adverbs is more important than remembering the exact names.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
But we need to use the terminology now to talk about how language fits together
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Here's our list of the seven types of adverbs.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
First, circumstance adverbs, which include adverbs of manner,
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ,
09:08
adverbs of place, and adverbs of time.
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์žฅ์†Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
Next, we have adverbs of degree. Then additive and restrictive adverbs.
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ.
09:22
Viewpoint and comment adverbs.
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๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ.
09:27
And finally, linking adverbs, which are also called conjunctive adverbs.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
Let's go through these seven types of adverbs.
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์ด 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
The first three types of adverbs fall into a larger group called circumstance adverbs because they all give
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘
09:46
information about the circumstances of an action: how, where, when.
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์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ(๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์œ„์น˜, ์‹œ๊ธฐ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
In other words, adverbs of manner,
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ,
09:56
adverbs of place, and adverbs of time.
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์žฅ์†Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
Adverbs of manner often end in -ly:
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๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… -ly๋กœ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:05
happily, suddenly.
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ.
10:09
Adverbs of place include: here, there, and far. They give information about position,
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์žฅ์†Œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” here, there ๋ฐ far๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:17
direction, and distance.
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.
10:21
Adverbs of time include: now, then, today, often, never.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” now, then, today, ์ž์ฃผ, never๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
Adverbs of time can give information about frequency and duration.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Let's talk about syntax for circumstance adverbs.
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์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:42
Adverbs of manner usually follow a verb, but other positions are possible.
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๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
If we have adverbs of place and time together, then place usually goes before time as in: we got there early.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: we got there early.
11:11
Place and time adverbs usually go at the end.
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์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
But you'll also see initial positions, especially in fiction and informal writing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŠนํžˆ ํ”ฝ์…˜ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์ž‘๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„์น˜๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
I think adverbs of time and frequency are closely related, so I'm putting them together in one group.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋นˆ๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
Here's a quick note on the syntax for adverbs of frequency.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
Adverbs of frequency can have an initial, middle, or final position in a sentence,
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๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
This happens both in speaking and in writing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
Adverbs of frequency follow the verb BE:
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๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ BE ๋’ค์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:28
I was never there. I'm occasionally away on business.
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I was never there. ๊ฐ€๋” ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
Recall that certain adverbs of time are used with particular verb forms.
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ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:09
Circumstance adverbs are often but not always single words, and simple adverbs often have comparative and superlative
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์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์„ค๋ช… ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:17
forms just like descriptive adjectives.
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.
13:23
We use the suffixes -er and -est with those short adverbs that look like adjectives, and then we can use MORE or LESS
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ -er ๋ฐ -est๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
13:31
MOST or LEAST with those longer adverbs that end in -ly.
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-ly๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” MORE ๋˜๋Š” LESS MOST ๋˜๋Š” LEAST๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ€๋Š”
13:55
Some but not all adverbs of place and time can have comparative forms.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต๊ธ‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Consider these examples.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:20
So after manner, place, and time, we could look at our fourth type of adverb: adverbs of degree.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ธ ์ •๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
These adverbs answer the question how much? Or to what extent?
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์ด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” how much?๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„?
14:34
Adverbs of degree help us talk about how strong or how weak equality is.
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์ •๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
When we start talking about degrees, we get into amplifiers and diminishers,
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์ •๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฆํญ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ์‡ ๊ธฐ
14:48
or intensifiers and downtoners.
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๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ™”์ œ์™€ ๋‹ค์šดํ† ๋„ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
Those are just fancy names for adverbs that help us increase or decrease the strength of a word.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
Adverbs of degree go before adjectives or other adverbs.
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์ •๋„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
Here are some common amplifiers.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
And these are common diminishers:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ ๊ฐ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
Now for our fifth type: additive in restrictive adverbs. They help us add or restrict information.
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ ์ œํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
Additive adverbs can have different positions. Can you find them? Look.
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์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋‹ค.
16:15
Here they are.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
Only, just, and especially are examples of restrictive adverbs, which can focus our
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Only, just, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:28
attention on different parts of a sentence. For that reason, these are also called focus adverbs.
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. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ดˆ์  ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
These focus adverbs go before the noun (or other word) they modify.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดˆ์  ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ(๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด) ์•ž์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
As our sixth type, we have viewpoint and comment adverbs, which can help us express things like certainty,
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์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ , ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ฐ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:30
opinion, and attitude.
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.
17:33
Some call these stance adverbs because they can show a person's position on a matter.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
What you need to know is that viewpoint and comment adverbs modify a whole idea,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:47
meaning a clause, a sentence. For that reason, they're also known as sentence adverbs.
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. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
Viewpoint and comment adverbs often have an initial position. If we write them, then we follow them with a comma.
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๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ์‰ผํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
Viewpoint and comment adverbs are common in speaking.
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๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
They're often added in or even added on. For that reason, they can have a middle and final position in a sentence.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:41
If you'd like practice with intonation patterns for introductory phrases
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์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ
18:45
or words and phrases that interrupt the flow of a sentence or that we tag on, check out my playlist on intonation.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ต์–‘ ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ต์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:53
I'll put that link in the video description.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๋งํฌ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…๋ž€์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:58
Here are some other common viewpoint and comment adverbs.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
Last but not least we have our seventh type of adverb: linking adverbs.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:18
They connect ideas and for that reason they go by other names:
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
19:24
conjunctive adverbs,
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ,
19:26
transition words, and even sentence connectors.
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์ „์ด ๋‹จ์–ด, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ.
19:31
Linking adverbs connect two complete ideas. Their position in a sentence varies, and the punctuation
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘์ 
19:37
also varies. Take a look.
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๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
20:08
Here's a list of common linking adverbs. Note this isn't a complete list.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:24
Okay. Now is a very good time to move on to the next part of speech:
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
20:29
prepositions. And that's because you'll see some similarities between prepositions and adverbs.
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. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:37
Prepositions are usually short words like at, to, with, from.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ at, to, with, from๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งง์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:43
There are more complex prepositions, for example, in front of, due to.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•ž์— ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
Prepositions must have an object, which is a noun or anything that behaves like a noun.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:57
So a preposition + a noun makes a prepositional phrase.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ + ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:15
Prepositional phrases generally function two different ways: as adjectives and as adverbs.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:23
When used like adjectives, prepositional phrases answer the question which one?
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ, ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” which one?์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:36
When prepositional phrases behave like adjectives, they follow the noun they modify.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:50
When prepositional phrases function like adverbs, they answer the questions how where, when, and why?
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์™œ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:28
When prepositional phrases behave like adverbs, they often go at the end of the sentence as adverbials.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ข…์ข… ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:46
As you may know, sentences can have more than one adverbial.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ โ€‹โ€‹๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:59
We can talk more specifically about prepositions of time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ด์œ , ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜
23:04
reason, location, but I think it's simpler just to remember that prepositional phrases
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š”
23:10
function either as adjectives or adverbs.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:14
Prepositions and their objects can help describe or identify people and things, and these prepositional phrases can also give more
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ด
23:22
information about how, when, where, and why things happen.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””์„œ, ์™œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:29
What's probably the trickiest thing about prepositions is remembering the common combinations
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
23:35
they have with verbs, nouns, and adjectives. I cover a lot of these
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๋™์‚ฌ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:40
collocations in my playlist on prepositions. I'll put the link in the video description.
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์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…๋ž€์— ๋งํฌ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‘˜๊ฒŒ์š”.
23:47
For now, here's a quick check see if you know these collocations with prepositions.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ™•์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:20
Guess what? We're ready to talk about the final part of speech: interjections. Yay!
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๋ญ”์ง€ ๋งž์ถฐ๋ด? ๋ง์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ด!
24:29
I just gave you your first example. Yay! is something that we say when we're excited and happy.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ด! ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:37
Interjections our short words - things that we say when we feel a strong emotion like surprise, anger, and happiness.
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๋†€๋ผ์›€, ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:46
Interjections are mostly spoken,
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๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
24:48
but if we write them we often follow them with an exclamation point to express that strong sudden emotion.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข…์ข… ๋Š๋‚Œํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:57
I have a lesson on interjections. I'll include the link in the video description.
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๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:03
For now, let's look at a short list of interjections.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์งง์€ ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:36
Okay. Now let's see if you can use some of those interjections appropriately.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
27:33
Before we end, I want to explain something interesting about the parts of speech.
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๋งˆ์น˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:38
Do you know that we can separate them into open and closed word classes?
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์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‹จ์–ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค์™€ ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋‹จ์–ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
27:45
I'll explain via little game. Listen.
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์ž‘์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฃ๋‹ค.
27:50
Okay. Question one. Back in the 1980s, my classmates and I would use the word "psyched," for example:
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜. 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ €์™€ ์ œ ๊ธ‰์šฐ๋“ค์€ "psyched"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:57
Are you psyched about tonight's game? Yeah? I'm totally psyched.
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์‘? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
28:03
What do you think "psyched" meant back then?
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๋‹น์‹œ์— "psyched"๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:08
Well, to someone of my generation "psyched" means "excited."
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ "psyched"๋Š” "ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:14
What part of speech is it?
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์—ฐ์„ค์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:16
An adjective. It's a participial adjective: psyched, excited.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์‹ ์ด ๋‚œ, ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ.
28:20
But guess what? My kids told me that no one uses "psyched" today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์•Œ์•„? ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•„๋ฌด๋„ "psyched"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:28
Question two. In my hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 2. ๋‚ด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์—์„œ
28:33
we sometimes tell children to red up, as in red up the room.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:37
That's because the room is messy.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:40
So what do you think "red up" means?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ "red up"์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:44
To clean up. Right?
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์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ?
28:47
What part of speech is "red up"?
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๋ง์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด "๋นจ๊ฐ•"์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
28:49
A verb or a phrasal verb: red up, clean up, tidy up, but outside of western, Pennsylvania, no one says "red up."
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๋™์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋™์‚ฌ: red up, clean up, tidy up, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ๋ถ€ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ "red up"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
28:59
Question three. Well, the other day my son was in a silly mood.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ. ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ €๋ฒˆ์— ์ œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:03
And he was talking about how good he was at a game or how good he could be at a game.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:08
And I jokingly criticized and said, "Enough of the me fest!"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ "๋‚˜ ์ถ•์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒ!"
29:14
I don't think I ever heard "me-fest" before. I don't know why I made it up.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์— "me-fest"๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:19
It just came out. But how was I using it?
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
29:23
Well, I was imagining like this festival where he was celebrating himself: "Enough of the me-fest."
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์Œ, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜์˜ ์ถ•์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ."
29:29
Festival, fest, enough of the me-fest.
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ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ, ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ, ๋ฏธํŽ˜์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ด.
29:33
How was I using the made-up word "me-fest"?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  "me-fest"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
29:37
Well, it was like a little festival where he was celebrating himself.
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ถ•์ œ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:42
So me-fest, fest, festival. What part of speech?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ œ, ์ถ•์ œ, ์ถ•์ œ. ์—ฐ์„ค์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„?
29:47
Noun, and I was using it like a noun. compound noun. or noun phrase: a me-fest.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ช…์‚ฌ. ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ: me-fest.
29:53
You won't find that in the dictionary. It just came out of my mind.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ด ๋งˆ์Œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.
29:58
Question 4. Here's a word I heard my kids use the other day: laggy. They complained about a video being laggy.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ 4. ์ €๋ฒˆ์— ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: laggy. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:06
Do you understand the meaning?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
30:10
If there's a lag in a video, it's slow. So "lag" is a verb. What's "laggy"?
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๋น„๋””์˜ค์— ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "lag"๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ง€์—ฐ"์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
30:17
An adjective.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ.
30:20
You might actually see "laggy" in a dictionary, but it would be listed as an informal adjective, I think.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ „์—์„œ "laggy"๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:27
So nouns, verbs,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋™์‚ฌ,
30:29
adjectives, and adverbs are open word classes. New words can be added and sometimes words fall out of use.
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ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋‹จ์–ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:38
Some slang never makes it into a dictionary, but there are cases when a popular word or a new meaning of a word
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์–ด๋–ค ์†์–ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ํ–‰์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
30:45
becomes officially recognized.
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๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
30:49
The other parts of speech are considered closed word classes because new words are not added easily or relatively often.
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ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž์ฃผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋‹จ์–ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:00
In past centuries, English speakers used THOU and THEE to refer to "you."
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” "๋‹น์‹ "์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด THOU์™€ THEE๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:06
Today we only have the subject and object pronouns "you."
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” "you"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:13
We'll end our review here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:15
I hope you found it useful to go over all the parts of speech in English. If you know someone who could also
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ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:21
benefit from this three-part lesson, please share the links.
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์ด ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฐ•์˜์—์„œ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
31:26
As always, thanks for watching and happy studies.
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๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
31:32
Become a sponsor of English with Jennifer.
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์ œ๋‹ˆํผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์–ด์˜ ํ›„์›์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
31:34
You'll get a special badge, bonus posts, on-screen credit, and a monthly live stream.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐ์ง€, ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ, ์˜จ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง ๋ฐ ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:40
Click on the link or look in the video description for more information.
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์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
31:45
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ›„์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:51
I'd like to say a very special thank you to my current sponsors. Hopefully, more of you will join us for the next live stream.
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์ €์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:01
Join me on my YouTube community tab for special posts each week
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๋งค์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‚ด YouTube ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ํƒญ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
32:07
If you haven't already, please subscribe to my channel.
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์•„์ง ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
32:11
That way, you'll get notification of every new video I upload to YouTube.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ YouTube์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ ๋™์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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