Practice with Uncountable Nouns - English Grammar with JenniferESL

20,063 views ใƒป 2017-09-01

English with Jennifer


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:01
Let me help you gain more practice with uncountable nouns.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ใ‚‚ใฃใจ็ทด็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใŠๆ‰‹ไผใ„ใ‚’ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
00:07
I'd like to read a text for you. See if you can spot three mistakes.
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็งใฏใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŸใ‚ใซใƒ†ใ‚ญใ‚นใƒˆใ‚’่ชญใฟใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ 3 ใคใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
00:39
Do you see three mistakes?
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3ใคใฎ้–“้•ใ„ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
00:49
Here they are.
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ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
00:51
Now do you think we can fix them?
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ไปŠใ€็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฟฎๆญฃใงใใ‚‹ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹?
00:54
Let's try.
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ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใ‚ˆใ†ใ€‚
00:58
A "lie" is a countable noun, so either we need the indefinite article with the singular noun - a white lie
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ใ€Œๅ˜˜ใ€ใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใชใฎใงใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใฎไธๅฎšๅ† ่ฉž - ็™ฝใ„ๅ˜˜
01:05
- or the zero article with the plural noun - white lies.
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- ใพใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉž - ็™ฝใ„ๅ˜˜ใฎใ‚ผใƒญๅ† ่ฉžใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚
01:16
"Truth" is a noun with both countable and uncountable meanings.
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ใ€Œ็œŸๅฎŸใ€ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใจๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
01:21
Here Iโ€™m referring to the general or abstract concept, so letโ€™s take off that plural ending -s
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ใ“ใ“ใงใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใพใŸใฏๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใชๆฆ‚ๅฟตใซใคใ„ใฆ่จ€ๅŠใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ใใฎ่ค‡ๆ•ฐ่ชžๅฐพใฎ -s ใ‚’ๅค–ใ—ใฆ
01:30
and use the uncountable noun โ€œthe truthโ€ with a singular verb.
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ใ€ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใ€Œ็œŸๅฎŸใ€ใ‚’ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
01:38
Lastly, in this sentence the main subject here is โ€œhonesty,โ€ another abstract concept. Itโ€™s a quality.
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ๆœ€ๅพŒใซใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใฎไธปใชไธป้กŒใฏใ€Œ่ช ๅฎŸใ•ใ€ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใชๆฆ‚ๅฟตใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใฏๅ“่ณชใงใ™ใ€‚
01:48
Don't let the prepositional phrase confuse you.
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ๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅฅใซๆƒ‘ใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
01:52
We have only one subject - "honesty."
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็งใŸใกใฎไธป้กŒใฏใŸใ ไธ€ใคใ€ใ€Œ่ช ๅฎŸใ•ใ€ใงใ™ใ€‚
01:56
"Kindness" is part of the prepositional phrase.
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ใ€Œๅ„ชใ—ใ•ใ€ใฏๅ‰็ฝฎ่ฉžๅฅใฎไธ€้ƒจใงใ™ใ€‚
02:01
Also, note the use of a quantifying phrase with "kindness."
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ใพใŸใ€ใ€Œๅ„ชใ—ใ•ใ€ใ‚’้‡ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใฎไฝฟ็”จใซใ‚‚ๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:06
How much kindness is needed? A healthy dose. A good amount.
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ๅ„ชใ—ใ•ใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๅฟ…่ฆ๏ผŸ ๅฅๅบท็š„ใช็”จ้‡ใ€‚ ่‰ฏใ„้‡ใ€‚
02:15
[title]
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[ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒˆใƒซ]
02:24
Let's review the seven guidelines I shared in my earlier lesson, and along the way I'll give you some practice.
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ๅ‰ๅ›žใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใง็ดนไป‹ใ—ใŸ 7 ใคใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ๅพฉ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚้€”ไธญใง็ทด็ฟ’ใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
02:32
First, there are different grammar terms for nouns we can't count. What are they?
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ใพใšใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ•ใพใ–ใพใชๆ–‡ๆณ•็”จ่ชžใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
02:39
Take a look.
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่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
02:47
There are three terms you might hear: uncountable nouns, noncount nouns, mass nouns.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ€่ณช้‡ๅ่ฉžใจใ„ใ† 3 ใคใฎ็”จ่ชžใ‚’่€ณใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
02:58
Second, you need to remember subject-verb agreement.
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ๆฌกใซใ€ไธป่ชžใจๅ‹•่ฉžใฎไธ€่‡ดใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:03
Uncountable nouns take a singular verb.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฏๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
03:07
I'll now give you sentences to complete.
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็งใฏไปŠใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใซๅฎŒๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ใ‚’ไธŽใˆใพใ™.
03:10
If the subject is uncountable, use a singular verb.
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ไธป่ชžใŒๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅ‹•่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
03:30
Here are the answers. [reads]
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ใ“ใ“ใซ็ญ”ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ [่ชญใ‚€]
04:01
Do you see the two sentences with plural nouns as subjects?
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ไธป่ชžใจใ—ใฆ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ 2 ใคใฎๆ–‡ใŒ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™ใ‹?
04:08
Here they are.
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ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
04:16
Third, some nouns have uncountable and countable meanings.
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็ฌฌไธ‰ใซใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๅ่ฉžใซใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใจๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:22
I'll now show you pairs of sentences. You need to identify which sentence in each pair has the uncountable noun.
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ใใ‚Œใงใฏๆ–‡ๅฏพใ‚’ใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅ„ใƒšใ‚ขใฎใฉใฎๆ–‡ใซไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
04:33
[reads]
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[่ชญใฟใพใ™]
05:34
I just showed you nouns with uncountable and countable meanings.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใจๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคๅ่ฉžใ‚’็คบใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚
05:38
To help you identify and remember the difference, let me remind you of my fourth guideline.
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้•ใ„ใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใ—ใฆๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€4 ใค็›ฎใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
05:45
Uncountable nouns are often used in a general or abstract sense.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฏใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใพใŸใฏๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใชๆ„ๅ‘ณใงไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
05:51
The countable meaning is usually more specific and concrete.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใฏ้€šๅธธใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใงใ™ใ€‚
05:58
Look at sentences c and d again.
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ๆ–‡ c ใจ d ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใ†ไธ€ๅบฆ่ฆ‹ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:02
The difference is specific vs. general, concrete vs. abstract.
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้•ใ„ใฏใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใจไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ€ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใจๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚
06:10
Another clue can be the use of quantifiers.
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ใ‚‚ใ† 1 ใคใฎๆ‰‹ใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใฏใ€ๆ•ฐ้‡่ฉžใฎไฝฟ็”จใงใ™ใ€‚
06:14
In sentence a, I use "a little," and we can only use that with uncountable nouns.
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ๆ–‡ a ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œa littleใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใฎใฟไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
06:23
In e there's a quantifying phrase that often combines with uncountable nouns that refer to food - "a slice of."
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e ใซใฏใ€ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐ้ฃŸใน็‰ฉใ‚’่กจใ™ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจ็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ•ฐ้‡ๅŒ–ๅฅใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ - ใ€Œa slice ofใ€ใ€‚
06:33
Remember that the indefinite article "a" or "an" refers to one.
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ไธๅฎšๅ† ่ฉžใ€Œaใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€Œanใ€ใฏ 1 ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:40
Sentence b uses "an," so you know I'm using "adventure" in the countable sense.
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ๆ–‡ b ใฏใ€Œanใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ„ๅ‘ณใงใ€Œadventureใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
06:47
"an adventure" = one adventure
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"an adventure" = 1 ใคใฎๅ†’้™บ
06:51
Sentence f uses the indefinite article "a" to refer to a specific kind of cheese.
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ๆ–‡ f ใฏใ€็‰นๅฎšใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎใƒใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใŸใ‚ใซไธๅฎšๅ† ่ฉž "a" ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
06:59
One kind, so it's a countable noun.
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ไธ€็จฎใชใฎใงๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
07:10
Fifth, we can place uncountable nouns in common categories,
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็ฌฌ 5 ใซใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅ…ฑ้€šใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใซๅˆ†้กžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€
07:15
and knowing these categories helps us recognize and understand any uncountable noun.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใฆ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
07:22
Can you sort some uncountable nouns into groups?
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซๅˆ†้กžใงใใพใ™ใ‹?
07:26
There will be six groups, and I'll ask you to identify the categories,
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6 ใคใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใ‚’็‰นๅฎšใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใพใ™
07:31
but please know that this list of categories is not complete. There are definitely more.
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ใŒใ€ใ“ใฎใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฎใƒชใ‚นใƒˆใฏๅฎŒๅ…จใงใฏใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ”ๆ‰ฟ็ŸฅใŠใใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ้–“้•ใ„ใชใใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
07:37
But let's practice using these six.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ 6 ใคใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
08:03
Ready to see the answers?
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็ญ”ใˆใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใฏใงใใพใ—ใŸใ‹?
08:06
Here they are.
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ใฉใ†ใžใ€‚
08:09
What are the categories? I'd suggest these labels:
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ใ‚ซใƒ†ใ‚ดใƒชใฏไฝ•ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒฉใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’ใŠๅ‹งใ‚ใ—ใพใ™:
08:14
materials, events, liquids, occupations, activties, weather...
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ๆๆ–™ใ€ใ‚คใƒ™ใƒณใƒˆใ€ๆถฒไฝ“ใ€่ทๆฅญใ€ๆดปๅ‹•ใ€ๅคฉๆฐ—...
08:26
How did you do?
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ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใŸใ‹?
08:34
Sixth, remember we can use quantifying phrases to make uncountable nouns countable.
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็ฌฌ 6 ใซใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ้‡ๅŒ–ๅฅใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
08:42
We'll now practice using several quantifying words and phrases.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ•ฐ้‡ๅŒ–ๅ˜่ชžใจใƒ•ใƒฌใƒผใ‚บใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆ็ทด็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
08:47
I'll ask you to make some matches. You'll have to know which quantifying words and phrases combine only with uncountable nouns.
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ฉฆๅˆใ‚’ใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจใฎใฟ็ตๅˆใ™ใ‚‹้‡ๅŒ–่ชžใ‚„ๅฅใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
09:14
Answers. [reads]
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็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ [่ชญใ‚€]
09:33
Now let's focus on uncountable nouns only.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใ ใ‘ใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:37
Make the most logical and natural-sounding matches.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚่ซ–็†็š„ใง่‡ช็„ถใซ่žใ“ใˆใ‚‹ไธ€่‡ดใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
09:59
Answers. [reads]
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็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ [reads
10:21
My seventh guideline was: Don't confuse uncountable nouns with collective nouns.
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] ็งใฎ 7 ็•ช็›ฎใฎใ‚ฌใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒณใฏใ€ใ€Œไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆททๅŒใ—ใชใ„ใ“ใจใ€ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚
10:28
Do you remember the difference?
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้•ใ„ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
10:30
Remember that a collective noun refers to a group that has parts or members.
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้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฏใ€้ƒจๅˆ†ใพใŸใฏใƒกใƒณใƒใƒผใ‚’ๆŒใคใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
10:38
Examples include: committee, staff, family, team.
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ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ๅง”ๅ“กไผšใ€ใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒ•ใ€ๅฎถๆ—ใ€ใƒใƒผใƒ ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
10:44
Unlike uncountable nouns, collective nouns can have singular or plural meanings depending on the context.
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฏๆ–‡่„ˆใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๅ˜ๆ•ฐใพใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’ๆŒใคใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
10:54
But in American English, collective nouns are almost always singular.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซ่‹ฑ่ชžใงใฏใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฏใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆๅ˜ๆ•ฐๅฝขใงใ™ใ€‚
10:59
Also, collective nouns themselves can help us quantify other nouns.
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ใพใŸใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉž่‡ชไฝ“ใŒใ€ไป–ใฎๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ•ฐ้‡ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใกใพใ™ใ€‚
11:06
I'll now ask you to match the collective noun to the plural noun it can quantify.
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ใ“ใ“ใงใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆ•ฐ้‡ๅŒ–ใงใใ‚‹่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅ่ฉžใซไธ€่‡ดใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใŠ้ก˜ใ„ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:11
Make the most common matches.
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ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไธ€่‡ดใ‚’่กŒใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:29
Answers. [reads]
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็ญ”ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ [่ชญใ‚€]
11:50
I bet you can think of other examples with these collective nouns.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใŸไป–ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๆ€ใ„ใคใใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„.
11:56
I hope you found this additional practice helpful.
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ใ“ใฎ่ฟฝๅŠ ใฎ็ทด็ฟ’ใŒใŠๅฝนใซ็ซ‹ใฆใฐๅนธใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
11:59
That's all for now. Thanks for watching and happy studies!
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ใใ‚ŒใฏไปŠใฎใจใ“ใ‚ใ™ในใฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ”่ฆงใ„ใŸใ ใใ€ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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