IELTS BAND 9 Vocabulary | 200+ Words YOU MUST KNOW to Prepare for IELTS

Welcome to this English fluency master  class in this master class you'll learn  

everything you need to prepare for your IELTS  or language exam in this master class you'll  

improve your vocabulary, grammar, reading,  listening, writing, and of course, speaking.

Welcome back to JForrest English.

Of course, I'm Jennifer Now

Let's get started first in this master  class, let's focus on vocabulary.

You'll.

Learn 33 words.

You need to know to pass the  ielts #1 feasible feasible.

This means possible to do easily or conveniently.

Now, this is commonly used in  writing when discussing the  

practicality how practical  is proposals or solutions.

For example, switching to renewable energy on a  large scale may not be feasible, may not be easily  

or conveniently done in certain  regions due to geographic limitations.

Or for an everyday example, you could  say when you have a great teacher,  

getting a high IL score becomes  feasible, becomes easy to do.

Do you agree with that?

If you do, put that's right, that's  right, put that's right in the comments.

And don't worry about taking notes because  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can find the link in the  description #2 Proponent Proponent.

This is a person who advocates for who supports  a theory, proposal, or course of action.

Now, this is frequently seen in  discussions about policy debates  

and research in both speaking and writing,  for example, proponents of renewable energy.

So this is people who support,  who advocate for renewable energy,  

argue that it provides a sustainable  alternative to fossil fuels.

I am a proponent of supporting any,  

any foundation, any, any type of group  that is being proactive about this.

As you know, I've been a very strong and  vocal proponent in the industry regarding  

the both the need and the opportunity to  rethink the models from the ground up.

I'm a huge proponent of all of us being  interdependent versus independent.

Independent #3 deploy, deploy.

This means to move into position for  

action or it can mean to utilize  something in a strategic manner.

This is often used in writing to  describe the implementation of resources.

So the use of resources or strategies  in various fields, for example,  

the government, this is  commonly used with government.

The government deployed emergency teams,  

so they put those teams in position  or used them strategically.

So how did they use them strategically?

Perhaps to help tackle the  aftermath of the hurricane?

Deploy algorithm and accidentally  deploy when you were landing.

Deploy the fleet #4 notable, notable.

This means worthy of attention or notice.

It could also simply mean remarkable.

This is commonly found in writing to highlight  significant differences or achievements.

For example, one notable difference.

So one significant difference.

One important difference between rural and  

urban lifestyles is the level of  access to healthcare facilities.

African soldiers proved to be notable  jungle fighters, and that's one of the more  

notable aspects of how we painted at this  time anyway, certainly through the 1490s.

This well preserved church is notable  due to its high church tower that has  

been struck by lightning numerous times  throughout its history #5 detrimental.

Detrimental.

This means causing harm or tending to cause harm.

This is used in writing mainly to discuss negative  impacts or consequences of policies and actions.

You could say while many aspects  of technology are beneficial,  

excessive screen time can have a detrimental  effect, a negative effect on mental health.

So this is a great word to have that contrast,  

which is commonly done in  writing, can be detrimental.

Matt, you're a detriment here.

My bitterness would be detrimental to my recovery.

Number six, mitigate, mitigate.

This means to make less  severe, serious or painful.

This is useful in writing and speaking to  discuss ways to reduce negative impacts,  

especially in environmental contexts,  which are common on the ILS.

For example, countries worldwide  are investing in renewable energy  

as a means to mitigate to reduce  the effects of climate change.

So to make those effects less serious  to mitigate, stop mitigating everyone  

with mitigating circumstances on mitigating  the health risks #7 discrepancy discrepancy.

This is a lack of compatibility or  similarity between two or more facts.

This is commonly used in writing when  analyzing data or discussing research findings.

For example, a noticeable  discrepancy exists between  

the reported income levels of  urban and rural populations.

So the discrepancy is that difference.

Why is there this discrepancy?

It.

Seems that we're doing a comparative evaluation,  

but typically, I could find a discrepancy and  then I would say, well, I'm not saying it.

And any discrepancy should hopefully be external.

So as I go #8 resilient.

Notice that resilient, resilient.

If someone is resilient, it means they're able to  

withstand or recover quickly  from difficult conditions.

This is very useful in speaking and  writing when discussing communities  

or individuals facing challenges,  which is very common on the IELTS.

For example, communities affected by natural  disasters have proven to be remarkably resilient,  

rebuilding their lives and homes so they're able  to quickly recover from these negative situations.

It's time to embrace a resilient, strong  culture of processing, not repressing.

We can push for a safe, kind,  resilient and human digital future.

People are leaving these climate resilient areas  for economic reasons #9 alleviate, alleviate.

This is to make suffering or  deficiency or a problem less severe.

This is commonly used in writing and speaking to  

discuss solutions to societal  issues like poverty or health.

For example, local governments are  implementing policies to alleviate  

to reduce housing shortages in  urban centers #10 vulnerable.

Do you know this one?

Vulnerable.

This means susceptible to  physical or emotional harm.

Again, this is often used in discussions  

about social issues, health,  and even environmental concerns.

You could say older populations are more  vulnerable, so they're more susceptible  

to health issues, which means they  get health issues easier and faster.

Vulnerable, especially during  severe weather conditions.

He's vulnerable, vulnerable,  vulnerable #11 paradigm.

This one is very common paradigm.

This is a typical example or pattern of something.

You can think of it as a model.

This is frequently found in writing to  discuss shifts in thinking or approaches.

You could say the adoption of digital technology  

in classrooms represents a  significant paradigm shift.

So a shift in thinking in education is that  it's a paradigm that's trying to hold us back.

So it's kind of a new paradigm that actually seems  to unlock things not only in fundamental physics,  

but also in the foundations of  mathematics and computer science,  

and possibly in areas like  biology and economics as well.

I believe it's time to reject that old  paradigm and realize that our fates are linked.

Are you enjoying this lesson?

If you are, then I want to tell you  about the Finally Fluent Academy.

This is my premium training program where  we study native English speakers from TV,  

movies, YouTube, and the news.

So you can improve your listening  skills of fast English, expand your  

vocabulary with natural expressions,  and learn advanced grammar easily.

Plus, you'll have me as your personal coach.

You can look the description for the  link to learn more or you can go to  

my website and click on Finally Fluent Academy.

Now let's continue with our lesson #12 viable.

Viable.

This means capable of working successfully.

It can also mean feasible.

So it's very important to learn alternatives,  synonyms, because you'll commonly see them.

And if you want to discuss these same issues,  you can use an alternative word, a synonym.

So now we have viable.

This is used in discussions about  sustainability and practical solutions.

For example, solar power, you could  say, is becoming a viable alternative  

to traditional energy sources in many  sunny regions at least #13 benign.

Notice that silent G benign 9 Benign.

This means having no significant  harm or adverse effect.

Negative effect.

This is commonly used in discussions about  

impacts and effects to talk about  something not having an effect.

For example, despite initial fears,  

the new construction projects are expected  to have a benign effect on local wildlife.

So it means the new construction  projects don't have an effect.

They don't have a significant effect.

They have a benign effect.

It's benign.

Were they benign?

Fine and benign #14 conducive.

Conducive.

This means making a certain situation  or outcome likely or possible.

This is common in discussions about environments  that encourage certain behaviors or outcomes.

For example, students suggest  that a clutter free space.

A space free of clutter, free  of things, distracting things,  

is conducive to better concentration and learning.

So it helps you achieve that outcome.

It's not conducive to health.

Atmosphere wasn't conducive, right?

So doesn't isn't conducive to rhyming.

Well #15 incentive.

Incentive.

Do you know this one?

This is a thing that motivates or  encourages someone to do something.

This is used in discussions about  economics, business, and public policy.

You hear this frequently.

For example, to reduce emissions, the government  

introduced financial incentives for  companies investing in clean energy.

So those companies will get something in return  

and incentive if they invest  in clean energy #16 compile.

Compile.

This means to produce by assembling  information and other sources.

This is often used in academic  writing and research discussions.

For example, the researchers compiled  so gathered together compiled data from  

numerous sources to ensure  a comprehensive analysis,  

compiled them in our data processes  and combined it with compilation.

Who compiled this map?

17 Contradictory Contradictory.

This means mutually opposed or inconsistent.

This is used in writing when discussing  conflicting ideas or conflicting data.

For example, the study presents  contradictory findings,  

with one portion indicating benefits and  another highlighting potential risks.

So they're opposed to each other, risks  and benefits and risks they're opposed.

So it's contradictory.

Saying that out loud almost sounds contradictory.

Upside and grief.

And honestly, our physics is telling  us a lot of contradictory things.

They allow us to interpret its  complex and contradictory signals.

#18 Foster Foster This is to encourage or  promote the development of something, and usually  

something good, and this is commonly used in  discussions about education and social policies.

Educational institutions should foster creativity,  

encourage creativity because it is positive and  critical thinking in their students #19 retention.

Retention.

This is the continued possession,  use, or control of something.

This is used in writing when discussing  education and employment practices.

Very common in employment, for example, employee  retention, the ability to retain keep employees.

Employee retention remains  a priority as high turnover.

Employees leaving as high turnover can  disrupt team dynamics #20 depict depict.

This is to represent by a drawing,  painting, or other art form.

This is common in discussions about art and  literature, which is common in writing tasks.

For example, art from this.

Typically depicts scenes so in that art  

you see this scene represented, so  depicts scenes of everyday life.

Show casting rural traditions inside the church.

The paintings depict scenes from the old and  new testaments and effigies of patron Saints  

would it would depict it as an illustration of the  flexibility and wisdom of common law adjudication.

The paintings depict the image of a chair in  various stages of completion or dissolution.

21 to steer clear of So notice here we  have a phrase to steer clear of something.

This means to avoid someone or something.

This is used in speaking and you can use  it to give advice or recommendations,  

which is very common on IELTS.

For example, health professionals  often advise patients to steer clear  

of to avoid processed foods to maintain  overall well-being 22 solely solely.

This means not involving anyone or anything else.

It can also be a replacement to  only This is useful in writing  

to clarify specific points or responsibilities.

For example, the success of the project  does not solely depend on funding.

So it does not only depend on funding,  but also on effective management.

So this is a nice complex sentence and  you can replace only with solely 23.

Abundant.

Abundant.

This means existing or  available in large quantities.

It also means plentiful.

This is commonly used in discussions  about resources and again, environments.

The country is known for its abundant natural  resources, particularly oil and timber.

Public space must be as free and  abundant as the air we breathe.

Fishing near the village.

Seals in Caribou were abundant to speak of.

It does have abundant land  and abundant sun and wind.

We can't all duplicate that.

20.

4 Sustainability Sustainability This is  

the ability to be maintained  at a certain rate or level.

This frequently appears in discussions  about environmental issues and development.

Investing in renewable resources is critical  for the sustainability of our environment.

You will absolutely hear this word  and you should use it as well.

Biodiversity can contribute to  the sustainability of a community.

And I think the main way I I think you  should look at it is about sustainability.

Sustainability.

It's become something that a lot of  people in the world are striving for  

because we recognize what's going  on with the world these days.

25 Assess Assess This means to  evaluate or estimate the nature,  

ability, or quality of something.

This is common in writing when discussing  

evaluations in education  and business, for example.

Teachers assess students understanding  through regular tests and assignments.

It assesses tests, assess your options.

Interesting assessment 26 Target Target.

This is an objective or result  toward which efforts are directed.

So you direct your efforts toward a target.

This is commonly used in writing, especially  in essays discussing your goals and objectives.

You could say the initiative targets a 25%  reduction in carbon emissions within five years.

So notice here it's a verb.

The initiative targets to target.

This is also a noun odd target.

The target is a 25% reduction.

27 Illicit Illicit.

This is to get a response, answer or fact from  someone, often through questioning or discussion.

This is commonly used in writing when  discussing studies, research or data.

For example.

The questions were designed  to elicit authentic responses,  

so to get real honest responses from participants.

#28 Decipher Decipher.

This means to interpret or to make sense of  something that is difficult to understand.

A synonym is to decode, to decipher, to decode.

This is commonly used in writing when  discussing the meaning of someone or something.

For example, scholars spent decades  attempting to decipher the ancient script.

So attempting to understand the  meaning of the ancient script,  

Professor Arm wants to decipher which  data can lead to discriminatory actions  

or privacy invasions and to set safeguards  for a better protection of human subjects.

In data science, students with hearing loss rely  more heavily on visual cues to decipher what is  

being said, and now we have the capacity to  decipher life in a way we never did before.

29 Fluctuate, fluctuate.

This means to change or vary irregularly,  

so not by following a pattern  and often in amount or level.

This is commonly used when discussing the  results or current state of something.

For example, the stock market fluctuates.

It's up, it's down, and it's not  a regular pattern, it's irregular.

The stock market fluctuates dramatically  in response to world events.

Any weight fluctuations This weight fluctuates.

Any weight fluctuations #30 Outline outline.

This is to give a summary of something and is  

often used in writing to present  main ideas or structures clearly.

For example, the professor outlined the  main points of the lecture at the beginning.

Just the outline.

Anything you outline with  this I just outlined for you.

31 Promote Promote.

This means to support or actively encourage.

This is frequent in discussions about public  health, education and social initiatives.

For example, government campaigns often promote  healthier lifestyles to reduce healthcare costs.

32 Habitat Habitat This is the natural  environment in which an Organism lives.

This is commonly used in discussions  about ecology and conservation.

For example, protecting forests is  essential to preserving the habitats.

The homes of numerous species.

33 Augment Augment.

This is to make something  larger, greater, or more intense.

This is common in speaking and writing  to discuss increases or improvements  

in systems, infrastructures or even skills.

For example, the government allocated additional  funds to augment public health services so to  

help improve the size or state of these public  health services in response to rising demands.

Amazing job.

Now let's keep focusing on vocabulary.

Now you'll learn 30 full phrases  specifically for your IELTS speaking section.

Of course, on the IELTS, they're  going to ask you, where do you live?

You can say I was born and raised in Winnipeg.

That's where I was born and raised.

Did you know that I was born and  raised to be born and raised in?

Now here your verb is to be.

So of course you need to conjugate it in the  past simple because it's a completed past action.

I was born and raised in and then you  can state your city or your country.

Now don't worry about taking notes because  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can look in the description for the link.

You can add on to this to make it sound more  complex to make you sound more advanced.

I was born and raised in Winnipeg but now?

But now I live in Ottawa.

Go even further and say I've  lived here for over 10 years now.

Notice I used the present perfect.

You can also use the present perfect continuous  only for the verbs live, work and study.

And this is for an action that started  in the past and continues until now.

So in the present perfect continuous,  I've been living here for over 10 years.

You can use 4 plus the specific number of years.

You can even say four years, several  years, many years, a number of years.

All of those are possibilities.

Now let's move on to tell me about your work.

You can say I'm an engineer.

I know this is a very simple sentence,  

but most students get it wrong  because they forget the article.

You must use an article before your job title.

Most likely you're going to use AH or an,  but it is possible to use the article.

The This is when there is only one position in  the organization and you have that one position.

For example, I'm the executive director, so  there's only one executive director and that's me.

Now, if we use the, it's more common to explain  what the organization is or what the company is.

But if you include just your job title with  a or an, you can, but you don't need to.

But if you use the, make sure  you state your organization.

Now add to this and add a general  statement about your specific job.

Being an engineer is rewarding.

Notice here being starts the sentence  because it's a gerund statement.

Gerund statements will absolutely  make you sound more advanced.

You could say I love using my analytical  skills to solve complex problems.

Love is a verb, a preference.

So you need the verb a preference  plus a gerund Love using.

You could say I enjoy collaborating with my team.

Enjoy is a verb, a preference.

So you need the gerund.

I enjoy collaborating with  my team and brainstorming  

unique solutions to complex problems.

So sure, you could say brainstorming solutions to  

problems, but adding adjectives  makes you sound more advanced.

You just mentioned something  positive about your work.

Why not make a contrasting  statement and start with?

However, this is a transition word  that we use to make a contrast,  

and using transition words will  make you sound so advanced.

However, being an engineer  also has its challenges.

So before we had positives  about being an engineer,  

however, and now a negative about  being an engineer, a contrast.

So now you can share one of those challenges,  

specifically another transition  word to make you sound advanced.

Specifically, I work around the  clock to meet tight deadlines.

To work around the clock is an expression.

And using expressions really shows you understand  the language more at an advanced native level.

And of course, to work around the clock,  you can just imagine you work continuously.

You work non-stop.

Now let's talk about hobbies.

You can begin with a gerund statement  that expresses your opinion on hobbies.

In my opinion, having hobbies is  integral to living a fulfilling life.

So our gerund statement is  having hobbies is integral to.

But then I just added on to  that by expressing my opinion.

So let's review some opinion words.

Of course, in my opinion, in my view, from my  perspective, notice here from from my perspective,  

personally, I think that have at  least four different opinion words.

You can use these four in your  vocabulary when you go for your IELTS.

Now let's get back to hobbies.

You made your general statement, your gerund  statement, beginning with an opinion word.

Now you can state your specific hobby.

I'm an avid hiker, or maybe I'm  an avid cyclist, guitar player,  

tennis player, whatever your hobby is.

So here the structure is to be an  avid and then you need a noun and  

this means you have a strong interest,  passion or enthusiasm for that activity.

Now you can make a gerund statement  about why you enjoy this activity.

Hiking gives me the opportunity to disconnect  from my devices and enjoy the beauty of nature.

Now notice that the gerund statement  started with the verb hiking.

You can also start a gerund  statement with the noun.

For example guitar.

Guitar gives me the opportunity  to, you could say, play guitar.

So you're using the verb form  or the noun form with guitar.

Both are correct.

Now, let's say you don't have any hobbies.

Don't worry, you can still answer  this question in a very advanced way.

You can say until now my  focus has been on my career.

However, I'm considering taking up and  then an activity taking up drawing.

So notice we have our present perfect.

My focus has been because the action  started in the past and continues until now.

Take up is the phrasal verb we use specifically  

with hobbies and activities  to mean start and notice.

Consider plus gerund.

I'm considering that's in the present continuous.

I'm considering taking up.

Take is in the gerund  because consider plus gerund.

You could also say, however,  I'd love to take up drawing.

The expression here is I would  love and then infinitive.

Perhaps it's simpler to remember  and it still sounds advanced,  

so feel free to use this alternative now.

You can still add on a gerund  statement about drawing,  

but use the future simple because  you're not doing the activity right now.

Drawing will give me the  opportunity to disconnect.

You could say I'm confident that or I'm hopeful  

that drawing will give me the  opportunity to disconnect.

You will sound very advanced.

Now let's move on to tell me about your family.

You can say I'm from a close  knit family, close knit.

Notice that pronunciation close knit.

This is an adjective that describes the family.

Now this is the same as saying  my family and I are very close.

My family and I, this is the subject.

We, my family and I are very close.

You can say everyone in my family gets along  because everyone is conjugated as a singular.

Everyone gets along really well or used  extremely well to sound more advanced.

Here's a great expression.

Everyone says I take after my mom in looks  and I take after my dad in personality.

When you take after someone, it means  that you resemble them physically.

So if you have a photo of you  and your mom and people say,  

oh, I see the similarities, you take  after your mom because your mom came  

first and maybe your mom takes  after your grandmother, etcetera.

But for personality, you can use this as well.

So maybe your dad is very  funny and you are very funny.

So you take after your dad in personality.

A great phrasal verb to use on  the IELTS to sound very advanced.

Now let's move on to talk.

Talking about travel, you can say I'd love, I  would love, I'd love the opportunity to see Egypt,  

to travel, to notice travel to  Egypt, but see Egypt, visit Egypt.

So know when certain verbs  require additional prepositions,  

Travel to a location, visit a location.

If I could travel anywhere, I'd choose Egypt.

This is our second conditional because it's  hypothetical and notice we have modal plus  

base verb.

Don't use the infinitive modal plus base verb.

Of course you can use a gerund statement.

Visiting Egypt is at the top of my list.

Imagine you have a list of places you  want to visit and Egypt is at the top.

You can make this more advanced  by using the present perfect.

Traveling to Egypt has been at the top  of my list for as long as I can remember,  

an action that started in the  past and continues until now.

Now, why not use an opinion word?

From my perspective, the pyramids are  one of our world's greatest treasures.

So you're sharing an opinion that  reinforces why you want to visit Egypt.

You can go on and say, and I'd revel in, I'd revel  in the opportunity to see them with my own eyes.

The expression is to revel in the opportunity  and then you're infinitive to see them.

This is a very advanced way of saying I  would thoroughly enjoy seeing the pyramids.

Now, as a bonus, let me share some phrases that  you can use when you want to clarify your answer.

So you're answering and you realize that  the words aren't coming out very well.

You can say what I'm trying to say is,  and then you can change your thought.

You can express your thought a different way.

What I mean is what I'm getting at  is what I'm trying to get at is to  

put it another way, in other words,  and then you communicate your idea.

I suggest  

memorizing four of these because they will be  very helpful when you're taking your IELTS.

Think of everything you learned.

Now let's focus on grammar.

You'll learn everything you need to  know about the verbs do, be, and have.

You must master these verbs, so pay  close attention to this section first.

In this master class, let's review the verb to be.

The verb to be can of course, be  used as the main verb in a sentence.

Now don't worry about taking notes because I  summarize everything in our free lesson PDF.

And at the end of this  lesson, I'm going to quiz you.

So make sure you watch until the end.

The verb to be is the main verb as the main verb.

Let's review it in the present.

Simple.

Now it has irregular conjugations.

I know you're thinking, Jennifer, I know this,  

but I correct these mistakes  with my most advanced students.

So pay attention.

The conjugations are I am, you, we,  they are ** *** it is I am happy.

So we use the verb to be for States and emotions.

What about you I am Right now I am.

Fill in the adjective, hopefully  it's a +1 and put it in the comments.

I am what?

Put it in the comments.

Practice that verb to be.

You are my friend.

He is a happy person.

She is a doctor.

It is raining.

We are students.

They are tired.

Native speakers use the verb  to be in the contracted form.

You should use it too, to sound more  natural, especially in spoken English.

I'm happy you're my friend.

He's a doctor, she's a doctor.

It's raining where students  notice that pronunciation  

where where students they're tired  as the main verb in the past simple.

It also has irregular conjugations.

The subjects I, ** ***.

It use was you.

We they use were.

I was there yesterday.

He was a great leader.

She was at the party.

It was a beautiful day.

You were late.

We were happy.

They were in the garden.

Let's look at the future.

Simple.

The structure is subject will be.

Now in this case, will is the  auxiliary verb and B is the main verb.

But the conjugations don't change.

So this is a very easy verb tense.

I will be there tomorrow.

You will be surprised.

He will be ready on time.

She will be at work.

It will be sunny.

We will be waiting.

They will be happy.

Now let's look at the verb to be as the  auxiliary verb in the present continuous.

I'm reading a book, he's watching TV.

They're being helpful.

The structure here is subject.

And then you need the verb to be in the present.

Simple.

So you have those three options  depending on the subject.

And is an R.

And then you need your verb in ING,  which is the present participle.

Let's review all the conjugation options  for the verb to be in the infinitive.

Of course, to be the base verb  be, you get rid of two present.

Simple AM is R.

Past simple was were present  participle being past participle  

bin and noticed that pronunciation  in American English, it's bin been.

Let's review that last example.

They're being helpful.

This is the present continuous.

So we have our verb to be in the  present simple as the auxiliary  

verb conjugated with the subject They are.

And then we have the present participle.

So we have our verb be in  the ING form, which is being.

They're being helpful.

The verb to be is the auxiliary verb.

In the past continuous.

He was watching TV.

They were studying for the exam.

The structure here is subject was  were conjugated with the subject  

plus the present participle, your verb and ING.

Let's review the future continuous.

She will be sleeping at that time.

They will be working on the project.

This one's easy because you already  know how to conjugate the future simple.

So you take that subject will be and then you  add on the present participle, your verb in ING.

Let's review the verb been, which is the past  participle and remember that pronunciation.

Repeat after me been been.

This is used in the present perfect  tense when B is the main verb.

For example, he has been to Paris.

They have been friends for years.

The structure here is subject have  or has conjugated with the subject  

and then the past participle  with the verb to be is been.

The past perfect tense also uses been  when the verb to be is the main verb.

She had been in line for hours.

So here the structure is subject  had and then your past participle.

So for the verb to be that's been.

The verb to be is also used in the passive voice.

Now for the passive voice, this is when the  

focus is on the recipient rather  than the subject of the action.

She ate the cake.

Is this the passive or the active?

This is the active because the subject  she is doing the action, she ate the cake.

Now I want you to change this  to the present passive voice.

Can you do that?

How would you start?

She ate the cake.

So we take the object, the cake.

We use the verb to be is eaten, the cake  is eaten, and then you can include by whom?

By her, but that's optional.

So you already know your conjugations  for the verb to be in the present.

Simple.

So of course you need to change  them based on the subject.

She ate the cake.

What's that?

In the past passive, the cake was eaten because  the cake is conjugated as it it was eaten by her.

How about the present perfect passive voice?

Can you get this one?

The cake?

The cake has been eaten.

And the past?

Perfect, the cake.

The cake had been eaten.

And how about the future?

The future passive, the cake.

The cake will be eaten by her.

You should know how to use the present  passive and the past passive because  

they are the most common, so focus on those two.

The verb to be is also used in the subjunctive,  

and native speakers use this specifically  in hypothetical unreal situations.

What do you think about this sentence?

If I were you, I'd apologize.

What do you think?

Does it sound strange?

Unusual.

I were, isn't it?

I was.

I was busy yesterday.

In the subjunctive, it always uses were if I  were you, if she were you, all subjects use were.

But native speakers don't always follow this rule,  

and it's very common to hear a native speaker  say if I was you, If I was you, I'd quit.

So don't be surprised.

But on a grammar exam, your IELTS,  you should definitely say if I were  

you because that is the correct grammatical rule.

Now you know all the  conjugations you need to know.

But remember, the verb to be is also  used in many expressions and idioms.

So I'm going to teach you some common ones.

But we're going to do this  as a quiz at the same time,  

to be on cloud 9, this means to  be extremely happy or elated.

She on cloud 9 when she passed her IELTS.

Now how can you complete  this sentence in the past?

Simple, she on cloud 9.

Put it in the comments.

She was on cloud 9.

Did you get it to be in hot water?

This means that you're in trouble.

They have in hot water lately.

Complete the sentence with the present.

Perfect.

Do you know what this is?

They have put it in the comments.

They have been in hot water lately.

Did you get that correct pronunciation?

Been to be in the same boat.

This is in the same situation  or circumstance as someone else.

We in the same boat.

Easy, right present, simple.

What's the answer?

Put it in the comments, we are in the same boat.

This is easy for you to be on the ball.

This means to be alert, competent, well prepared.

If he had on the ball, he  wouldn't have lost the client.

Oh, third conditional.

How can you complete the sentence?

Put it in the comments if he had been  on the ball to be under the weather,  

this means to be sick or unwell.

Thankfully I, under the weather last  week, complete the sentence with the pass.

Simple negative, passable negative.

Thankfully I put in the comments.

Thankfully I wasn't under the weather last week.

Notice I used that contraction was  not wasn't to be out of the woods.

This is when you have successfully  overcome a difficult situation.

We out of the woods yet Doctor, complete  this with a question in the present.

Simple we out of the woods yet?

What's the answer are are we out of the woods yet?

Easy, right?

To be a piece of cake.

This means to be very easy.

MMM, this lesson a piece of cake.

This is a question in the past.

Simple MMM this lesson a piece of cake.

Was this lesson a piece of cake?

Now to answer, you can say  yes it was or no it wasn't.

So what do you think?

Put your answer in the comments.

Yes, it was.

No, it wasn't our last question.

How are you doing so far to be in good company?

This is when you're surrounded  by people you admire.

So in this community, we're in good company.

Now your test question.

In good company is a great way to cheer up.

You need to complete this with a gerund statement.

In good company is a great way to cheer up.

What's the answer as the gerund?

It's the verb ING being.

Being in good company is a great way to cheer up.

So how did you do with that quiz?

Share your score in the comments.

Amazing job.

Now let's keep going and review the verb to do.

First, let's review the conjugations.

Don't worry about taking notes because I  summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can find the link in the description and pay  

close attention because I'm going to  quiz you throughout this whole lesson.

So the conjugations are irregular.

The infinitive is to do.

The base verb do.

The present simple is do or does  conjugated with the subject.

The past simple is did, the present participle  doing, and the past participle done.

First, let's review the  verb to do as the main verb.

It's the main verb in the present simple, which is  used for routine actions, activities, and tasks.

As a bonus tip, you can use an adverb of  frequency because this is the present simple.

For example, I do the dishes every day.

Every day is the adverb of frequency.

In English, the verb do is used  with many common activities,  

but there are also other activities  that commonly use the verbs go or make.

Some common activities that you do are the dishes,  

chores, homework, laundry,  taxes, your makeup, hair,  

you do cooking, you do shopping, do yoga, Pilates,  exercises, stretches, and you can do puzzles.

Those are some common activities that you do.

So why don't you try?

I do every day, choose one activity  and put it in the comments.

I do every day.

Put it in the comments.

You often do yoga.

So here the adverb of frequency is often.

He or she sometimes does puzzles.

They rarely do exercises.

We never do chores now never  means 0 times per week.

So you could also say we do not do chores.

That's the negative and to form that contraction.

We don't do chores and that will  help you sound more natural.

We don't do chores.

Wouldn't that be nice to say we don't do chores.

So notice all subjects use do  except ** *** it uses does.

Now let's review the present continuous.

This is for actions taking place  now and planned future actions.

So here are all those examples in the present.

Simple.

Let's change them to the present continuous.

I do the dishes every day.

In the present continuous, I'm  doing the dishes right now.

You can add that keyword to  say is taking place right now.

You often do yoga.

What would this be in the present continuous?

Maybe you're doing yoga next  week, A planned future action.

She sometimes does puzzles.

In the present continuous, he  is currently doing a puzzle.

Currently is another keyword.

For the present continuous,  they rarely do exercises.

In the present continuous,  they're not doing exercises.

Now the negative here they're not.

So notice for the negative you just add not  we never do chores in the present continuous.

We aren't doing chores tomorrow.

Planned future action in the negative.

In this case, the negative is in a contraction.

Let's look at the past simple.

For past actions, the  structure is subject plus did.

It's did for all verbs in the negative.

It's did not do and then as a  contraction didn't do, didn't do.

So here are the present continuous examples.

Let's turn them into the past simple.

Instead of I'm doing the dishes right  now, I did the dishes yesterday.

Instead of your doing yoga next  week, you did yoga last week.

He's currently doing a puzzle in the past simple.

She did a puzzle recently.

They're not doing exercises now.

In the past simple, they  didn't do exercises today.

Today you can use as a past simple  reference if today is finished.

So maybe I say this at 9:00 PM.

They didn't do exercises today and  notice that contraction didn't do.

They didn't do.

We aren't doing chores tomorrow in the past.

Simple.

We didn't do chores this morning and  again this morning is in the past.

If right now it's 5:00 PM, let's  look at the present perfect,  

which can be used for a completed pass  action that has a present consequence.

The structure is subject plus have or has.

So the verb have is the auxiliary verb  plus, not if you're making it negative.

And then you need your past participle.

So if the verb to be is the  main verb, it would be done.

So here are the past simple examples.

Let's change them to the present perfect.

I know you can do this.

I did the dishes yesterday  becomes I have done the dishes.

And now you need a keyword for the  present perfect we can use already.

You did yoga last week becomes you've done.

You have you've done yoga recently.

He did a puzzle recently becomes he has done.

He's done a puzzle recently.

You can keep the keyword recently  

they didn't do exercises today they haven't  done so the negative have not contraction.

They haven't done exercises today yet.

You can add yet as a keyword  for the present perfect.

We didn't do chores this morning  becomes we haven't done chores  

and you can leave it there or you could say yet.

Now let's review when the verb to  do is used as the auxiliary verb.

This is done to form yes, no questions,  which of course you're very familiar with.

Do you like this video?

Do you do you like this video?

So to answer in the short  form, you can say yes I do.

So make sure you like this video.

Yes I do.

Yes, I like this video would be the full answer.

But of course you could say no, no I do not.

But you can form a contraction.

No, I don't like this video.

Remember with the subjects ** *** it you need to  change do to does this is for questions as well.

Does he does she watch J force English videos?

What's the short answer?

Yes, she does.

So in the short answer you remember you still  have to conjugate your verb with the subject.

She does, he does.

The full answer is yes, she watches.

He watches J4's English videos.

And in the negative, no he doesn't.

Does not.

She doesn't watch J4's English  videos in the past simple.

I could ask you, did you watch  my video on the verb to be?

So did you in the short form positive?

You can say yes I did.

And remember it's did for all subjects.

The full answer is yes, I watched your video.

S you put your verb in the past.

Simple in the negative.

No, I did not.

No, I didn't watch your video.

Now here's something that  native speakers love doing.

We love using the emphatic form  to answer or ask questions.

I could say make sure you subscribe  to my channel for more great lessons.

Now to answer this statement or respond  to this statement in the past simple,  

you could say I subscribe, Jennifer, I subscribed.

To make this an emphatic statement, you  add the auxiliary verb do conjugated with  

the time reference, in this case, the  past simple Jennifer, I did subscribe.

So the structure is subject  plus did plus base verb.

I did subscribe and this  simply emphasizes the action.

Maybe you say to your friend, let's go to  the movies because she doesn't like hiking.

You could reply and say she likes hiking.

That's the present simple.

Or you could say she does like hiking,  

which is the in static present simple  which native speakers like using.

So the structure is subject  plus do or does depending  

on the subject you already know **  *** it does she does plus base verb.

Let's try this with a question I could ask you.

Does this lesson make sense to you?

Now to answer in the present simple,  

you can say it makes sense, it  being this lesson, it makes sense.

Or you can sound more dramatic and say it does  make sense, which is the emphatic present simple.

Only use this structure if you want  to emphasize what you're saying.

Now let's review how to form tag questions.

You like my videos, don't you?

In the short answer you can say.

Yes, I do.

Yes, I like your videos.

The full answer.

How about the emphatic answer?

You can say yes, I do like your videos.

If you want to respond negatively, you can  use the adverb actually to show a contrast.

Actually, I don't like your videos.

Let's practice with a different subject.

She doesn't work today, does she?

So notice negative, positive, and  then before it was positive, negative.

She doesn't, does not doesn't she?

Doesn't work today, does she?

In the short form, you would say, no, she doesn't.

The full answer, no, she doesn't work today.

Now let's say you want to respond negatively  and you're going to use the emphatic reply.

What would that be?

And you can use actually to start.

Actually she does work today.

The verb to do is also used to form choice  questions when you have different options.

For example, do you prefer coffee or tea?

But to respond, you just answer.

You don't use the verb do  unless it's part of the answer.

So you would say I prefer tea.

You state your choice.

Remember to conjugate that  verb in the present simple.

Does she want pizza or pasta?

Again, you would just answer.

I'm not sure.

I'll ask her and let you know.

Now let's review some common  expressions with the verb to do,  

and I'm going to quiz you at the  same time to do someone a favor.

This is to help someone with a task or a request.

Can you me a favor and hit like and subscribe.

What's the answer Can you  

do me a favor to do business with someone This  is when you engage in commercial activities.

I'd love business with Elon Musk.

How do you complete this?

I'd love to do you need the infinitive I'd love  to do business with Elon Musk to do 1's best.

This is to give maximum effort.

She best.

How would you form a sentence and  let's say it's an emphatic past simple.

Hmm, what would you say?

She did do her best.

Don't be confused by this, she did do her  best without the emphatic the regular past.

Simple is she did her best to do a number  on this is to cause harm or damage.

The harsh weather last year,  a number on our garden.

How would you complete this?

Well, look at that keyword we have last year.

So I know I need the past.

Simple did a number on our garden.

Easy right?

To do The Dirty work.

This is to do unpleasant or  morally questionable work.

He always gets others.

The Dirty work.

How would you complete this?

He gets others to do you need the infinitive to do  

The Dirty work to do justice to this  is to represent something accurately.

This photo justice to the  breathtaking views we saw.

How would you answer this in the negative?

This photo doesn't do justice to to make do  this is to survive with whatever is available.

The bank didn't approve our loan, but we with  our savings complete this sentence in the past.

Simple, but we made do Here do is used  in the expression, but the verb is make.

So that's what you conjugate.

But we made do with our savings.

What's done is done.

This is a great expression.

This means that you accept that  past events cannot be changed.

Yes, he stole our clients, but we need to move on.

But this is easy because it's an expression.

So you just take the full expression.

You don't need to change  anything, but what's done is done.

To do away with this means to eliminate  why the company away with the dress code.

How would you complete this?

Why did the company do away with  so it's a completed past action.

And finally to do the trick.

This means to successfully  achieve a desired result.

Thanks Jennifer, this lesson.

Now I know how to use the verb to do.

How would you complete this?

Thanks Jennifer.

This lesson did the trick, do the trick.

So did in the past simple did the trick,  and I hope you would agree with that.

Now let's review our final verb to have.

First, let's review all the  conjugations of the verb have,  

because you'll need to know these  throughout the entire lesson.

And don't worry about taking notes because I  summarized everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can find the link in the description,  

and I'm going to quiz you at  the end, so pay close attention.

The conjugations are in the infinitive to  have the base verb have, the past simple had,  

the present participle having,  and the past participle had.

Now let's review to have as the main verb in  the present simple have is used for possession  

or ownership.

I have two adorable cats.

What about you?

What is something that you have?

I have.

Maybe it's a pet, maybe it's a car.

Maybe it's an interesting possession.

Share something in the comments below.

I have.

I have put that in the comments with  the subject you, you have a turtle.

She or he has.

Notice that irregular conjugation.

** *** it, we use has he or she has a Penguin.

Why not?

They have a kangaroo.

We have an iguana.

Just remember, take a note of this.

** *** it, it uses, has.

All other subjects use have.

This is in the present simple.

Let's talk about the present continuous.

Now this is for experiences.

What do you think about this sentence?

I'm having 2 cats.

So our verb is half, but is  conjugated in the present continuous.

Of course, the auxiliary verb is the verb to be.

I am I'm and then your verb in  ING having I'm having 2 cats.

What do you think about this sentence?

This sentence is incorrect because we  don't use the verb have in the present  

continuous for possession.

We use it in the present simple in  the present continuous with have.

It's about experiences.

So with cats, as you saw before, you would have to  say I have two cats, even though it's right now.

But.

For experiences, you can  say I'm having a great time.

You're having so much fun watching this video.

I hope that's true.

She's having trouble understanding this.

They're having a party tonight.

What about this one?

We're having a baby.

What does that mean?

We're having a baby.

This means we're expecting a baby.

So if this was the man talking,  it would be my wife is pregnant.

We're having a baby.

We're expecting a baby.

Now let's review the past.

Simple.

This is used for both possession in  the past or experiences in the past.

I had a dog when I was a kid,  ownership possession in the past.

We had so much fun at the party  and experience in the past.

She had a baby last week.

This means she gave birth last week.

He had a headache yesterday.

An experience You experience  a headache in the past.

Now let's review have as the auxiliary verb.

This is used in the present perfect.

I have had a busy week.

The structure for the present perfect is  subject have or has conjugated with the subject.

You already know that ** *** it needs has.

All other subjects use have  and then the past participle.

Now in my sentence, I have had a busy week.

My main verb is the verb to have  conjugated in the present perfect.

That's why there's had.

It's the past participle, but no matter  what verb you use as the main verb,  

the present perfect always uses  have as the auxiliary verb.

You have been very helpful.

So the verb be is the main  verb and have is the auxiliary.

She has won the lottery twice.

He has run 2 marathons.

Remember he and she you need  has as the auxiliary verb and  

then your main verb in the past participle.

We have scheduled the meeting.

They have left the party.

Now let's review the contractions because  these are very important to sound natural,  

like a native speaker and  to understand us as well.

I've you've, he's, she's, it's, we've, they've.

Native speakers usually use the contractions  when the verb have is the auxiliary verb.

Important point.

American speakers don't use the contraction when  have is the main verb, but British speakers do.

I have a car.

I remember the first time I  heard a British speaker say this.

I thought it sounded so weird.

I have a car because American  speakers would never say that.

We would say I have a car because  the verb have is the main verb.

But both American and British speakers would say,  

I've had a busy week because  here have is the auxiliary verb.

Let's keep reviewing have as the auxiliary verb.

What do you think about this sentence?

She had had a meeting with her boss.

What do you think?

Is this correct?

Incorrect.

This is correct.

Do you know what verb tense this is?

This is the past perfect  with have as the main verb.

Of course, the past perfect is used for a past  action completed before another past action.

So it's the past in the past.

She had had a meeting with her  boss before she met the client.

2 past actions.

The past perfect is the first past action.

The older past action.

You're probably more familiar with  They had left by the time I arrived.

The structure of the past perfect is  subject had and the past participle.

So all subjects use had, and then your  main verb is in the past participle,  

but the past participle of the verb have is had.

That's why it's possible to say she  had had a meeting with her boss.

Let's review the contractions and we'll  use the verb to leave as the main verb,  

which will be in the past participle left.

They had left.

So with the subject I, I'd left, you'd  laughed, she'd laughed, he'd laughed.

It is possible with the subject it ID laughed.

So notice it's just ID ID ID  left, we'd laughed, they'd left.

So you just add a soft D to the subject.

What do you think about this  sentence I'd a dog when I was young.

Is this correct or incorrect?

Well, this is incorrect to an American  speaker because the main verb is have.

American speaker would say I  had a dog when I was young.

Remember, American speakers don't form a  contraction when have is the main verb,  

whether it's the present simple or past simple.

But native speakers usually form a contraction  

when have is the auxiliary verb  and have is the auxiliary verb.

With all the perfect tenses, you already know  the present perfect and the past perfect.

These are the two most common ones.

Let's quickly review the other perfect tenses.

For the present perfect continuous you  have your subject have or has remember  

has with ** *** it been and then your present  participle your verb and ING the past perfect  

continuous you have your subject plus  had plus been plus present participle.

The future perfect you have subject plus will  plus have plus past participle and the future  

perfect continuous you have your subject plus  will plus have plus been plus present participle.

Remember you need to change  have to has for ** *** it for  

the present perfect and the  present perfect continuous.

In all other cases, the verb  doesn't change with the subject.

So you would say they have reserved a table.

She has reserved a table.

We have been preparing for the party.

He has been preparing for the party.

But remember to.

Form those contractions.

So what would the first one be?

They have they've, they've reserved a table.

She has, she's reserved a table.

We have been preparing.

We've been preparing.

He has been preparing, he's been preparing.

Now let's review negation with have  so taking half and making it negative.

Let's do this as a little quiz.

I have a dog.

How would you make this negative?

I don't have a dog.

Did you use that contraction?

You could say I do not have a dog,  

but native speakers usually form the  contraction when have is negative.

She has a car.

What is this in the negative  and use the contraction?

She doesn't have a car.

She does not have a car.

We had some problems at the conference.

Was this in the negative?

We didn't have any problems at the conference.

Did you get the contraction?

Did not have, didn't have and  did you change some to any?

They've had a lot of success.

What is this in the negative?

They haven't had a lot of success here.

You can leave a lot of you could also  say they have not had a lot of success.

She's had a great day.

What is this in the negative?

She hasn't had a great day.

She has not had a great day.

They'd had problems before the launch.

What is this in the negative?

They hadn't had.

They had not had problems before the launch.

What about this sentence?

I have time.

How do you make this negative?

You could say I don't have time.

I do not have time.

What about this sentence?

I have no time.

What do you think about this?

Correct or incorrect?

This is correct and very  commonly used by native speakers.

The structure is subject plus have  or has depending on the subject.

Remember, ** *** it has no and  then noun, in this case, time.

This is used to emphasize the lack of  something and to do it in a more dramatic way.

I have no time.

You could say she has no money.

This sounds more dramatic  than She doesn't have money.

We have no ideas.

We don't have any ideas here.

Ideas of course are thoughts,  thoughts to solve problems.

But if you say I have no idea in the  singular, this means I don't know.

This is very commonly used by native speakers.

So if someone asks you a complicated  math problem, what's 362 / 3.8?

I have no idea.

It emphasizes it more than saying I don't know.

This structure is only used  in specific situations.

But for now, you can use it with time,  money, ideas plural, or idea singular.

Now let's review some common expressions with  have and I'm going to quiz you at the same time  

so you can practice all of these conjugations  and structures that you just learned and learn.

Natural expressions at the same time to have  a blast, this means to have a great time.

We all blast at the concert last time,  complete the sentence with the negative form.

Do you know it?

We didn't have a blast because  our keyword is last night.

So you need the past simple to have a ball.

This also means to have a great time.

Both are commonly used.

If we a ball at the conference,  we wouldn't have left early.

This is the third conditional.

Can you complete it?

Did you get this one?

Well, have is the main verb, so in  the past perfect, which you need.

If we had had a ball at the conference,  we wouldn't have left early.

An advanced structure to have the last laugh.

This is when you appear to be the loser at  first, but in the end you're the winner.

They rejected our proposal, but I believe in our  

product and I know the last laugh  as a hint, you need the future.

Simple, did you get this one?

And I know will have as a contraction  will we will will have the last laugh.

You'll ultimately be the winner even though  it seems like you're the loser right now  

because they rejected your proposal  to have butterflies in your stomach.

This is when you're nervous and anxious before  a significant event like public speaking.

Butterflies in your stomach is  normal before a job interview.

Can you complete this?

And as a hint, you need the gerund verb.

Having butterflies in your stomach have  as the gerund verb to have a screw lose.

This describes someone who is a little  crazy, but more in an eccentric way.

She might a few screws  loose, but she gets results.

She might might is your modal,  so you need the base verb.

She might have a few screws loose.

Like Shakira said, I'm crazy, but you like it.

To have a lot on one's plate.

This means to be very busy and it's very  commonly used right now, Tony a lot on his plate.

This is easy right?

Right now Tony has because it's possession and you  can only use the present simple with possession.

Right now Tony has a lot  on his plate to have a cow.

This is a fun one.

It means to become very upset a cow.

It's just a small scratch on your car as a hint,  you need the imperative in the negative form.

Do you know how to complete this?

Don't have a cow.

Don't have a cow to have a heart of gold.

This describes someone who is very kind,  caring and generous despite a heart of gold.

She didn't get the promotion.

What's the answer Despite having a heart of gold?

Because despite is a preposition and you  need the gerund verb after prepositions.

So how did you do with this quiz?

Share your score in the comments.

Now let's keep focusing on grammar.

You'll learn the 50 most common  irregular verbs in English.

Again, you must master these verbs if  you want to sound fluent and advanced.

The first verb is the most common verb in English.

The verb to be to be, was or were, been.

Notice for the past simple, we  have two choices, was or were.

Your choice depends on the subject.

I, ** ***.

It was.

Yesterday I was sick.

Yesterday he was sick.

Were is for you.

We and they we were sick.

Yesterday they were sick.

Yesterday The participle been.

I haven't been sick in years.

Become became become.

Yesterday I became sick.

Have you become sick?

Begin.

Began.

Begun.

I began the project 2 weeks ago.

Have you begun the project yet?

Bring Brought.

Brought.

She brought chocolates to the party.

She had already brought the  chocolates by the time I came by.

Bought, bought.

She bought new shoes last week.

She had bought the shoes  before she got the promotion.

Choose, chose chosen.

Notice the pronunciation difference  between our base verb choose and  

the past and the participle choose chose.

Oh, choose chose chosen.

She chose me for her team  who had chosen that book.

Come, came, come.

She came home late.

Has she come to the party yet?

Do did.

Done.

I did the chores.

Have you done the chores?

Drink.

Drank drunk.

She drank the entire bottle.

She's drunk 2 bottles so far.

Drive.

Drove.

Driven.

Who drove you here?

I was driven by my friend.

Eat.

Ate.

Eaten.

I ate early yesterday.

Have you eaten yet?

Fall.

Fell.

Fallen.

She fell really hard.

She had fallen before it rained.

Feel.

Felt.

Felt.

I felt bad.

I haven't felt fabric like that before.

Find, found, found.

I found 10 bucks on the street.

Have you ever found money before?

Fly, flew.

Flown.

They flew to Paris last week.

I've flown five times this year.

Forget, forgot.

Forgotten.

Oh no, I forgot to buy milk.

Have you ever forgotten someone's birthday?

Get, got, got, or gotten.

You can use either one in  the past participle form.

Got or gotten.

Gotten is more common in American English.

Yesterday I got a speeding ticket.

Have you ever gotten a speeding ticket?

Give, gave, given.

I gave her a box of chocolates.

Have you ever given someone chocolates?

Go, went, gone.

Such a common verb, but I hear a lot of  mistakes with the verb go, go, went, gone.

Yesterday we went to the store.

They've been gone for 20 minutes.

Have had had.

She had a great time yesterday.

We've had a great time since we got here.

Here heard.

Heard yesterday.

I heard the Best Song.

Have you ever heard that song?

Keep kept.

Kept.

The politician kept his promise.

Have you kept your photos from your trip?

No.

Knew.

Known.

I knew she did it.

I've known him for 10 years.

Leave.

Left.

Left.

She left at 5:00.

She had already left by the time I came.

Lend Lent.

Lent.

I lent him some money.

Have you ever lent anyone money?

Let let let that one's easy.

She let me keep the money.

I've let 5 people into the room so far.

Lose, Lost, lost.

I lost their number.

Have you ever lost your wallet?

Make made, made.

They made a terrible mistake.

Have you ever made a promise  that you didn't keep meat?

Met.

Met.

We met last week.

Have you met Fred yet?

Pay.

Paid.

Paid.

I already paid the bill.

She had paid the bill by the time  I got back from the bathroom.

Put.

Put, Put.

That one's easy.

I put my new shoes in the closet.

Have you put away your groceries yet?

Read, read, read.

Notice the spelling is exactly the  same, but the pronunciation changes.

Read, read, read.

Yesterday I read my book for 20 minutes.

Have you read his autobiography yet?

Run, Ran, run.

He ran a marathon last week.

We've run three tests so far,  Say said said, Who said that?

She had said that before our conversation.

See Saw, Seen.

I saw a movie last week.

Have you seen that movie yet?

Sell.

Sold.

Sold We sold our car.

Have you sold your house yet?

Send Sent Sent We sent the package last week.

Have you sent the package yet?

Sing Sang Sung She sang in the shower yesterday.

Have you ever sung in the shower?

Sit.

SAT.

SAT.

She sat down and broke the chair.

Have you ever sat beside someone famous?

Sleep, Slept.

Slept.

I slept terrible last night.

Have you ever slept outside?

Speak, Spoke.

Spoken.

Who spoke at the wedding?

I haven't spoken to her in years.

Stand, stood, stood.

He stood me up.

Have you ever been stood up?

When someone stands you up, it means you made  plans with someone, usually romantically,  

like a date, but the other person didn't show up.

They didn't come to the restaurant  at 7:00 like they said they would.

So have you ever been stood up or  have you ever stood someone up?

Hopefully not.

Swim, swam, swam.

I swam in the ocean last week.

I haven't swum in the ocean for five years.

Take, took, taken.

She took our photo.

Have you taken anyone's photo before?

Teach taunt.

Taunt.

She taught them how to use irregular verbs.

Have you ever taught someone  how to use irregular verbs?

Tell, told, told.

She told me the truth.

Have you ever told a lie?

Think, thought, thought.

I thought it was a good idea.

Have you thought about moving?

Understand, Understood, Understood.

I understood her explanation.

Have you understood all these irregular verbs?

Wear, wore, worn.

She wore her green dress to the party.

She hasn't worn her blue dress yet.

Write, wrote, written.

I wrote the answer in my notebook.

Have you written the essay yet?

Now let's focus on reading.

We'll review an academic IELTS  reading passage together.

Our article is called Time Travel.

Let's start the first section.

Time travel took a small step away from  science fiction and toward science.

So you have here is science fiction.

Fiction is the opposite of fact.

So we have two categories.

We have fiction which is not real.

Like.

Harry Potter And then we have  non fiction which is real,  

like a historical biography or autobiography.

I wrote those definitions here.

So time travel took a step away from fiction,  so away from not true and toward true.

Here, notice how we have the word toward  as a preposition to spellings are correct.

You can say toward or towards with an S.

So if you hear someone say towards  with an S, it's not incorrect.

Both of them are grammatically correct  and acceptable and towards science.

Recently when physicists discovered that  subatomic particles known as neutrinos.

Neutrinos.

Just listen to my pronunciation.

Neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.

So if you exceed something, it  means you've gone beyond it.

Now, in this case, they're talking about speed.

So to go beyond means to go faster than.

If you exceeded your spending limit on your  credit card, you've gone beyond that limit,  

which means you've spent more  money than you have available.

And notice here we have can which is a modal verb  and then we have exceed which is the base verb.

So grammatically you always  have modal plus base verb,  

not the infinitive can to  exceed, no just can exceed.

So modal plus base verb can  exceed the speed of light.

So these neutrinos which are sub atomic particles,  don't worry I don't know what a neutrino is.

I don't don't really know what a subatomic  particle is because I'm not a physicist,  

but I understand that they're particles and  they can go faster than the speed of light.

That is what I know based on the  article, The Unassuming Particle.

Unassuming is an adjective, and when  you describe something as unassuming,  

it means it doesn't attract a  lot of interest or attention.

So maybe you're walking down a  street and there's a restaurant,  

but it doesn't attract your interest or  attention because maybe it's very small.

It doesn't look very nice from the outside.

There isn't a lot of decorations.

The sign for the restaurant is very small, so  you almost don't even notice the restaurant.

So it's an unassuming restaurant, but  you go in and the food is delicious,  

but you almost didn't notice  it because it's unassuming.

So these particles, these  neutrinos, are unassuming.

They don't attract a lot of attention or  interest, likely because they're just very small.

They're not considered something  that's very important in science.

The unassuming particle, it is electrically  neutral, small, but with a non 0 mass.

So this is simply giving us more  information about what this particle  

is, because the average person  does not know what a neutrinos is.

A physicist knows what this is,  but the average person does not.

So this is giving us more information on  this particle, the unassuming particle.

It is electrically neutral, small but  with a non 0 mass and able to penetrate.

Now notice here able to penetrate is  something missing from this expression and  

able to penetrate the expression is to  be able to that's the full expression.

But notice it is electrically  neutral and able to penetrate.

So when we have and you don't  need to repeat the main verb.

So you can say for example, she is tall and thin.

OK, she is tall and thin, so you don't  have to say she is tall and is thin.

You can get rid of this main verb  and just say she is tall and thin.

The same thing is happening here.

The only difference is instead of  having one simple word like tall,  

we have all of this information.

So it's easy to forget that this is  is also attached to able to because  

the expression is not able to it's be able to.

OK, so for example, you can't  say she able to speak Japanese.

You can't say that this is grammatically  incorrect because the verb to be is missing.

So I'll put a :( and an X.

She is able.

To.

Speak Japanese.

So now this is correct because we have  to be able and then your infinitive.

So that is what's happening here and able to.

But we're using the verb to be for  both sections before and and after.

And so don't forget that with able to.

And able to penetrate.

When you penetrate something,  it simply means you go into.

So let's say I'm putting cream on my skin.

When the when the cream goes into my  skin and you can no longer see it,  

it means the cream penetrated my skin.

It went into my skin.

So this neutron, this neutrinos can go into your  skin, it can penetrate the human form undetected.

So you don't see something going into your  skin because they they're not visible,  

they're so small that you can't see them.

So that means undetected, not visible, not  known, not visible, or not known, not known.

Undetected is on its way to becoming  a rock star of the scientific world.

When you see this dash here and then  another dash, it means you can remove  

all of the information between the dashes and  the sentence would be grammatically correct.

For example, let me read it  without the information in blue.

The unassuming particle is on its way to  becoming a rock star of the scientific world.

Grammatically correct.

The information between the dashes is  additional supplementary information,  

and in this case, it gives you  more information about what the  

nutrinos is because as I said, the  average person just doesn't know.

Don't worry about writing all this down because  I summarize everything in the free lesson PDF.

So you can look in the description  below to download the free lesson PDF.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor.

Let's take a look.

At hurtling, this means to move very fast,  but it also implies in a dangerous way.

So when these neutrinos were hurtling through  the underground corridor, so imagine the  

corridor is going straight and the neutrinos  are going very fast, but maybe they're banging  

against the sides of the wall, They're crashing  into each other, not in a orderly straight way.

So you can use this, for example, with drivers,  

you might say the delivery  driver hurdled up my driveway.

So he came up your driveway.

He drove up your driveway very quickly,  but also very dangerously so quickly.

And maybe he's swerving.

There's object here.

He's going right for it.

Maybe you're standing here and  he doesn't seem to be stopping.

He hurdled up your driveway.

Let's continue.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurdling through an underground corridor  

toward their colleagues or towards remember  their colleagues 730 kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

Promptly is an adverb and it means quickly  without delay, but also at the scheduled time.

So for example, the meeting  will start promptly at 9:00 AM.

Often when you schedule a meeting at 9, some  people might come to the meeting 9 O3 nine O 5.

Just a little bit.

Late.

But if you say the meeting will  start promptly at 9:00 AM, I will  

start the presentation at 900, not 901 or 902.

Promptly at 9:00.

So immediately at 9:00.

So in this case, the neutrinos arrived promptly.

So we can say quickly without delay.

So promptly in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable.

Let's look at triggered and unthinkable.

So first triggered.

When something triggers something, it  simply means it causes it to start.

So the fact that the neutrinos traveled so  promptly caused something else to start.

And that something else is that scientists  are are now rethinking time travel.

So that's the something you could say, for  example, speaking in public triggers my anxiety.

So speaking in public causes my anxiety to.

Start.

I wrote that example here for you.

Now, the unthinkable.

This is when something is just so shocking or  unlikely that it's difficult for you to imagine,  

difficult for you to actually form a picture.

For example, a world without  language would be unthinkable.

Can you even contemplate?

Can you think about what life would  be like if nobody spoke any language?

Language was not invented.

A human being never uttered, which means spoke,  never uttered a word, never spoke a word, ever.

Could you even imagine how we  would interact with each other?

It's unthinkable.

It's so shocking and unlikely, we  can't even really think about it.

So time travel is another  thing that's just unthinkable.

Can you imagine what life would  be like if we could time travel?

It's unthinkable that everything they have  learnt, known or taught stemming from the last  

100 years of the physics discipline  may need to be reconsidered.

So this is.

The unthinkable that everything that  physicists know about their discipline,  

they may need to think about it  again if time travel is possible.

I want to point out the past  simple here of the verb learn  

because you might be confused as to why it has AT.

So learnt  

is the preferred spelling and pronunciation in  British English in American English which I teach.

The.

Preferred spelling and pronunciation is  learned, so notice we have a soft T here.

Learnt and then in American  learned with a soft D learned.

Both of them are grammatically correct, it's  just two countries preferred two different words.

Everything they have learnt, known or  taught stemming from here To stem from  

simply means come from, to come from, come from.

So in this case, because it's in the gerund  form, I'll put mine in the gerund form.

Coming from the last 100 years of the physics  discipline may need to be reconsidered.

So when you add re in front of the  verb, it means you do the verb again.

So you need to consider again.

So that means consider again because you add  re reconsidered, we need to consider it again.

So let's say you asked your boss for  a promotion and your boss said no.

Maybe you could say, can you reconsider  what he can you consider my proposal again?

And most likely he'll say no.

But hey, maybe he'll say,  I guess I could reconsider.

And then you can explain again  why you deserve a promotion.

And maybe this time your boss will say yes.

So it's always possible for someone to reconsider.

Let's continue the issue at stake.

So at stake is simply when  something is being considered.

So here, the issue being considered.

The issue at stake?

So being considered is a tiny segment  of time, precisely 60 nanoseconds.

So now they're going to  explain what 60 nanoseconds is,  

because the average person who  is not a physicist does not know.

So 60 nanoseconds is 60 billionths of a second.

So you have one second, and then you divide that  one second into billions and you take 60 of them.

For me, I can't really comprehend  what 60 billions of a second is,  

to be honest, because a second is like that.

And imagine you take 60 billions of that second.

It would be so, so fast.

It's unthinkable.

I can't even imagine what that would be.

So notice I just used unthinkable.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second,  

this stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

So here they're comparing the  speed of the neutrinos to the.

Speed of light, which is just.

So fast that you and I average  people can't really comprehend,  

understand how fast it is because  it just happens so quickly.

So they're just letting you know it  happened faster than the speed of light and.

This.

Allowing for a margin of error,  

they're saying even if our calculation was  incorrect, don't worry, it's still accurate.

So they accounted for that.

They allowed some miscalculation in their  formula, and the neutrinos are still faster  

than the speed of light even if their  calculation is somewhat inaccurate.

So that's a margin of error.

You'll see this a.

Lot in studies, scientific  studies, research studies.

A margin of error of 10 billionths of a second.

The duration of the experiment.

Duration is the length, the  duration of the experiment,  

the length of this experiment,  the entire time of the experiment.

So length or entire time of the  experiment also accounted for.

When you account for something,  you simply consider it.

So they considered that margin of error error  that their calculation may be somewhat inaccurate.

So to consider also accounted for.

Considered.

So here accounted for something.

So notice the preposition.

You account for something,  but you consider something.

So we don't use considered for,  it's just considered because we  

don't need the preposition for  and considered and ruled out.

The phrasal verb to rule something out is when  you no longer have something as a possibility,  

so to no longer have an option as a possibility.

So basically it means to exclude  an option to exclude an option.

So let's say you.

Are considering different options.

Maybe you're going to give your team a promotion,  

give them an extra vacation day or  give them free lunch on Fridays.

Those are your three options to  show your support for your staff.

But you're going to rule out promotions.

You're going to no longer consider  that as an option because you don't  

have the financial resources to offer  promotions and it's very expensive.

So you're going to rule out promotions.

Now you just have two options to consider.

So they.

Ruled out any possible lunar effects.

Lunar is the moon so effects from the moon because  the moon can influence time and tidal bulges.

I don't know what a bulge is, I  assume it's similar to a wave.

And tidal relates to the tide so going when the  water goes in and out that is called the tide.

So tidal bulges in the Earth crust.

So this information is just to let  you know that their calculation  

considered many different factors  to understand if they are wrong.

And they're still saying even if  we take all of this into account,  

consider all of this, the neutrinos are  still faster than the speed of light.

Let's continue nevertheless the transition  

word neither the nevertheless is used  when you are going to have a contrast.

So here they're talking about all the reasons why  the neutrinos are faster than the speed of light.

But now, because I have, nevertheless, I  know they're going to introduce evidence  

to say that this might not be true  because there has to be a contrast.

So this is a transition word used  to introduce a contrasting point.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

Skeptical means I'm not sure if I  believe you or I'm not sure if I believe.

This.

Topic I'm not sure if I believe  that we can travel through time.

I'm skeptical, so not sure if the  person can be trusted or believed.

Person or information.

In this case, it's the  information they're presenting.

Information can be trusted or  believed, so I'm skeptical.

I'm not sure.

According to Harvard University science historian  Peter Gallison, Einstein, Albert Einstein.

Of course, Einstein's relativity theory has  

been pushed harder than any theory in  the history of the physical sciences.

Pushed harder than It means that every scientist  has tried to prove that his theory is not correct,  

so they've pushed his theory harder than any  theory in the history of the physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge, prior means previous.

So each challenge that had  previously happened prior, previous.

You see this a lot in job interviews.

Do you have any prior experience?

Do you have any previous experience?

So let me write that for you.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

So Excel is a Microsoft  software for organizing data.

Do you have any prior experience in Excel?

Do you have any previous experience yet?

Each prior challenge has come to no avail.

So remember I said they've tried to prove that  Einstein's theory is inaccurate or incorrect,  

but it's come to no avail, which  means they have not been successful.

So no avail means not successful.

Let's review this example.

I asked my boss for a promotion but to no avail.

So notice the expression is to no  avail and this means not successful.

So I didn't get the promotion.

My boss said no, but to no avail.

I'm hopeful he'll reconsider.

I'm hopeful that's just another way  of saying I hope he'll reconsider.

So remember, we talked about this, consider it  again and change his decision, but he's skeptical.

I don't know.

I'm not sure if Jennifer's ready for a promotion.

He's.

Skeptical that I'm ready for  a management position so.

Here we used.

A lot of expressions in one  thought, one advanced thought.

Let's continue.

So is time travel just around the corner?

When something is just around the corner,  it means happening soon, happening soon.

So you could say my vacation is just  around the corner happening soon.

So is time travel happening soon  just around the corner the prospect.

So the prospect is the idea that time  travel is just around the corner.

The prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility.

This simply means moved closer to the realm of  possibility, meaning that something is possible.

So a simple way of saying this is the prospect  has certainly been moved towards possibility.

Now that a major physical  hurdle, a hurdle is an obstacle,  

something that prevents you from achieving a goal.

So an obstacle, hurdle,  obstacle, the speed of light.

So this is the obstacle, the hurdle  for time travel, the fact that.

We.

Need to travel faster than the speed of  light, and so far nothing has traveled  

faster than the speed of light until  these neutrinos has been cleared.

So to clear the hurdle means to  get rid of it, to eliminate it.

If particles, these neutrinos, if  particles can travel faster than light,  

in theory, traveling back in time is possible.

That's unthinkable, isn't it?

How anyone harnesses that to harness something  is when you use something successfully.

To use something successfully,  use something successfully.

For example, we have.

Now harnessed the power of  the sun through solar panels.

So you put a solar panel on the roof of your house  and it harnesses the sun, the energy of the sun.

It uses that energy successfully  by then heating your house.

So we've already harnessed  many things in our environment.

Why not time travel?

How anyone harnesses that?

So how anyone uses time travel successfully to  

some kind of helpful end is far beyond  the scope of any modern technologies.

OK, so far beyond the scope of.

When something is beyond the scope of, it means  that it is not included in, not included in.

For example, teaching you about  Einstein's theory of relativity  

is beyond the scope of this lesson, which  means it's not included in this lesson.

It doesn't mean it's not important, it's  just beyond the scope of this lesson.

It's not included in this lesson.

So it's beyond the scope of any modern technology,  

however, and will be left to  future generations to explore.

When you leave something  to someone, it means that.

You give the.

Responsibility to someone else.

So the future generations now have the  responsibility to take the information  

from this article, the fact that these neutrinos  can travel faster than the speed of light and try  

to harness that, try to turn it into something  tangible that we can use and benefit from.

So that's not our responsibility.

We're going to leave.

That to future generations to explore.

So that's the end of the article.

What I'll do now is I'll go to the  beginning and I'll read the article  

from start to finish and this time  you can focus on my pronunciation.

Time travel Time travel took a small step away  

from science fiction and towards  science recently when physicists  

discovered that subatomic particles known  as neutrinos can exceed the speed of light.

The unassuming particle, it is electrically  neutral, small but with a non 0 mass, and able to  

penetrate the human form undetected, is on its way  to becoming a rock star of the scientific world.

Researchers in Geneva sent the neutrinos  hurtling through an underground corridor  

toward their colleagues 730  kilometers away in Italy.

The neutrinos arrived promptly.

So promptly, in fact, that they triggered  what scientists are calling the unthinkable,  

that everything they have learned, known,  

or taught stemming from the last 100 years of the  physics discipline may need to be reconsidered.

The issue at stake is a tiny segment of time,  

precisely 60 nanoseconds, which  is 60 billionths of a second.

This is how much faster than  the speed of light the neutrinos  

managed to go in their underground  travels, and at a consistent rate.

Even allowing for a margin of  error of 10 billionths of a second,  

this stands as proof that it is  possible to race against light and win.

The duration of the experiment  also accounted for and ruled  

out any possible lunar effects or  tidal bulges in the Earth's crust.

Nevertheless, there's plenty  of reason to remain skeptical.

According to Harvard University science historian  Peter Gallison, Einstein's relativity theory has  

been pushed harder than any theory in  the history of the physical sciences.

Yet each prior challenge has come to no avail,  and relativity has so far refused to buckle.

So is time travel just around the corner?

The prospect has certainly been wrenched  much closer to the realm of possibility  

now that a major physical hurdle,  the speed of light, has been cleared.

If particles can travel faster than light, in  theory, traveling back in time is possible.

How anyone harnesses that to some kind  of helpful end is far beyond the scope of  

any modern technologies, however, and will  be left to future generations to explore.

Now let's focus on listening.

You'll test your listening skills  of fast English in this lesson.

You'll listen to a video clip  of a fast speaking native,  

and you need to complete the missing words.

You'll listen to each clip twice.

Are you ready for the first clip?

Remember, you need to fill in the missing words.

It's worth mentioning we're going  to have to be pretty frank about  

the human body and some of the more  icky parts when studying outbreaks.

It's worth mentioning we're going  to have to be pretty frank about  

the human body and some of the more  icky parts when studying outbreaks.

How'd you do it?

This one?

She said.

It's worth mentioning we're going  to have to be pretty frank about  

the human body and some of the more  icky parts when studying outbreaks.

Did you get that?

Let's review the pronunciation.

So notice were native speakers  like using contractions and we  

pronounce them in an unstressed way.

Were were this is of course,  we are now she said going to.

But as you may know, native speakers  commonly reduce going to as gonna gonna.

But this is in spoken English only.

Now native speakers also combine sounds together.

So here we have some of the instead of  saying of, you can just do an unstressed,  

uh, Suma sum of the some of the so it  sounds like one word repeat after me.

Some of the let's talk about  some grammar and vocabulary.

Notice one of your missing words was mentioning,  and that's because to be worse plus gerund verb.

So I wanted to remind you  or perhaps help you learn  

that you need the gerund with this expression.

So worth is a gerund verb  to be worth doing something.

For example, it's worth to  be it is as a contraction.

It's worth subscribing to J Forrest English now.

If.

A friend asks you should I  subscribe to J Forrest English?

You can say yes, it's worth it.

It's worth it.

What's the IT It's worth subscribing.

So it represents the gerund.

It's worth subscribing.

And if you want to sound like  a native, you can add totally.

It's totally worth it.

It's totally worth it.

Do you agree with that?

If you do put that's right, that's  right, but that's right in the comments.

And don't worry about taking notes because  I summarize everything in a free lesson PDF.

You can find the link in the description.

Let's talk about to be frank, frank.

This means to speak honestly, directly or  openly, often about something uncomfortable.

We often use this to start a sentence.

To be frank, I thought you  were rude to your mother,  

so that might be something that's  uncomfortable to tell someone.

And she used pretty to be pretty frank.

This is simply an intensifier.

Now, did you hear the word icky?

Icky.

This is an informal way of something  as unpleasant, gross, or distasteful.

Cleaning the bathroom.

Oh, it's so icky, wouldn't you agree?

Or you could say you have  some icky stuff on your shirt.

Some gross stuff.

Are you ready for your next listening exercise?

Remember, you need to complete the missing words.

You'll hear it twice.

I've got a level with you.

Before we started making this movie, I'd  never been on a pair of skis in my life.

I've got a level with you before  we started making this movie.

I'd never been on a pair of skis in my life.

I'd never been on a pair of skis in my life.

I've got to level with you before  we started making this movie.

I'd never been on a pair of skis in my life.

Just like going to becomes gonna got  to becomes gotta in spoken English.

And again, those contractions  which are difficult to hear.

I'd I'd I had a very soft D, I'd  I'd now instead of saying of you  

can reduce that to just simply ah,  ah, but then combine them together.

Para, para, para skis, Paris skis.

Now let's talk about those missing  words to level with someone.

This means to share a surprising or harsh truth.

A harsh truth is an uncomfortable truth.

So you can say I have to level with you.

I don't like ice cream.

Now, Americans commonly say I  gotta I got a level with you.

I got a level with you.

I have to level with you.

I got a level with you.

They're the same thing.

And the fact that I don't like ice  cream could be a surprising truth.

I got a level with you.

Or you can say I have to level with you.

I got a level with you.

Your performance has been  slipping, going down, slipping.

So this is a harsh truth.

It's honest and direct.

Because of that, you can also use that expression.

We learned to be frank.

I have to be frank with you.

Your performance has been slipping.

Here's your next listening exercise.

You'll hear it twice.

I think a lot of people will reflect on  their previous year and think, you know what?

What is the one thing I want to work on?

I think a lot of people will reflect  on their previous year and think,  

you know what, what is the  one thing I want to work on?

How'd you do with this one?

Was it easy or difficult for you?

I think a lot of people will reflect  on their previous year and think,  

you know what, what is the  one thing I want to work on?

Let's talk about those pronunciation changes.

A lot of becomes a lotta lotta, a lotta.

Now reflect on because you have that T sound,  

you can transfer it to the next  sound and say reflect on, reflect on.

So it sounds like one word.

You can do this with work on, work on, work on.

So it sounds like one word.

You know what may have been difficult  to hear because it becomes unstressed.

Yeah, you know what?

You know what and want to becomes wanna want to.

Now, I wanted you to pay attention  to reflect on and work on.

So you notice those prepositions  when you're learning vocabulary.

You should also learn the preposition  that completes the verb, because if you  

get the preposition wrong, it won't sound correct.

So to reflect on something, this means to  think deeply or carefully about something,  

usually before making decisions.

For example, after the meeting, I  reflected on the feedback my boss gave me.

Maybe he had to level with you.

Maybe he had to give you some frank feedback,  

honest and direct, and you reflected  on that, which is a mature thing to do.

Let's talk about you know what, you  know what, this is an interjection.

So it's used to introduce a thought, or it's  simply to create a pause in a conversation.

So you can say we should host a  party for your sister's birthday,  

but that might sound very abrupt.

So if you want to transition or create a pause,  introduce an idea, you can use an interjection.

You know what?

We should host a party for your sister's birthday.

So by saying you know what,  

you get someone's attention and then  they're ready to hear your idea.

Get ready for the next listening exercise.

You'll hear it twice.

Watch this video and get the scoop  on a little known storytelling  

technique that'll crank up the  believability of your message.

Watch this video and get the scoop  on a little known storytelling  

technique that'll crank up the  believability of your message.

Was this more difficult for you?

Watch this video and get the scoop  on a little known storytelling  

technique that'll crank up the  believability of your message.

Instead of saying scoop on a with pauses,  

you can pronounce this as one word scoop on  a scoop on a scoop on a scoop on a little  

may have been difficult to hear because  that's not how native speakers say it.

We say little the the little that'll is a  contraction of that will, that'll that'll.

Let's review the vocabulary.

The scoop.

Do you know this one?

This means insider information or the  latest secret or exclusive details.

Can you get the scoop on  who's getting the promotion?

So I'm asking you to get the exclusive  information or the latest secret details.

Or I could ask what what's  the scoop on the promotion?

Do you know the latest details?

Or I could say, who knows  this scoop on the promotion?

So who has the secret or latest details?

What if I said to you, oh, it's  cold in here, crank up the heat.

What would you do to the heat?

Or how about I love this song,  crank it up, crank it up.

What would you do?

To crank up means to increase the  intensity, volume or level of something.

Now, in this case, the something was  the believability, which is a noun.

And this is the quality or state of  being believable, which is the adjective.

So to be believable, I could say to my and you  didn't win the lottery, you were so believable.

I believed my friend because she's believable.

Or I could say to be frank, the  story lacked, lacked believability.

So it lacked the quality of being believable.

Or I could say I have to level with you.

I got a level with you.

The story lacked believability.

So look for ways you can mix and match  all the vocabulary that you're learning.

One more listening exercise.

You'll hear it twice.

All right, we've been planning for months.

Let's do it.

It's go time.

All right, we've been planning for months.

Let's do it.

It's go time.

Did you get that first word?

All right, we've been planning for months.

Let's do it.

It's go time now.

You may not have heard that first  word again because of reducing sounds.

So instead of saying all right, native speakers  commonly say, ah, all right, all right, all right.

So it can be very unstressed  or a little bit unstressed.

It depends on the speaker.

This one was quite unstressed.

We've we've is of course, we have or sounds like  

Fer Fer very unstressed and do  it to get rid of that pause.

You can add a very soft do it, do it, do it.

But when you say it as one  word, you don't hear it.

Do it, do it, do it.

All right is used as both an  interjection or confirmation.

So if someone says let's meet at 2:00 to discuss  the project, you can say all right to confirm,  

or you can start the discussion by saying,  all right, let's review the sales reports.

So in this case, it's an interjection.

It gets attention and it signals readiness.

To start.

Let's look at let's do it.

I say this a lot, so maybe  you've heard it from me.

This is an informal way to  signal readiness to act.

I could say today you'll learn 20 phrasal verbs.

Are you ready?

And you can reply back and say, let's do it.

Let's do it, Jennifer.

Or your friend could ask you, should  we sign up for that cooking class?

And you say, let's do it, let's do it.

Let's look at it's go time.

I love this one.

This is an informal way to  say now is the time to act.

This is the moment we've been waiting for.

And it's commonly used with a  lot of energy and excitement,  

so you can imagine before a sports game or a  big presentation, someone says it's go time.

Now let's focus on writing.

You'll learn the 10 spelling  rules you need to know.

Let's review a short sentence and see if  you can identify the spelling mistakes.

Jennifer, I really want to improve my writing  so I can pass the written section of the exam.

Now in this short sentence,  there are 4 spelling mistakes.

Pause this video, take as much time as you  need and see if you can identify all four.

So could you get all four?

Here they are.

Did you notice that my name was spelled wrong?

Now, for proper nouns, names of people or  places, you simply need to memorize them.

But in your exam or in anything you're writing  for business purposes or other purposes,  

it's very common that you'll use proper nouns.

You don't want to misspell the name of a  company if you're applying to that position.

So just make sure that you memorize the names of  the proper nouns that you you use in your writing.

Did you get that I was spelled incorrectly?

Now this is a spelling mistake because the subject  

I is always capitalized and it's a mistake  if you see the subject I in lower form.

Let's review these examples.

I went to the store.

So in this case I.

Begins the sentence.

So it's capitalized, but it's also capitalized  because the subject I is always capitalized,  

no matter what place it is in the sentence.

Mark and I went to the store.

You still capitalize I because it's a subject.

Today I'm going to the store.

Even in a contracted form, I is still  a subject, so you capitalize it.

Don't make this mistake for your  IELTS, your TOEFL, or business writing.

Now don't worry about writing down  these notes because I summarize  

everything in a free lesson PDF so you  can find the link in the description.

Writing is spelled wrong because there is only  one T but notice how the word right ends in an E.

But then when you add your suffix ING, you  remove that final E before adding the ING.

This is done when the final E is silent.

So ride becomes riding, you remove  that E, dance becomes dancing,  

create creating, move, moving, smile, smiling.

Notice how written was spelled incorrectly  because there was only 1 T so right in ING  

form you only use 1T, but written you need  2T's so you double the final consonant.

This generally happens when you add a suffix,  and it happens when you have one vowel plus one  

consonant at the end of a word, and the  stress is on the last part of the word.

For one syllable words, there is no stress.

Like right, one syllable, there's no stress.

For example, the verb hop, so one  syllable, so there's no stress.

But notice we have one vowel,  the O1 consonant the P.

So we double the final consonant, the P before  you add the suffix and it becomes hopping.

But don't confuse this with the verb hope to hope  because you have that final E silent E on hope.

So you remove that silent E before  you add the ING hopping hopping,  

stop, stopped in the Ed is your suffix.

You double the consonant.

Jog, jogging, plan, planning, bag, bagging.

Now technically this rule  doesn't apply to the verb, right?

Because it isn't 1 vowel plus one  consonant, it ends on a vowel E,  

the silent E But this double consonant rule  applies only in EN form with the suffix EN.

So you can simply memorize this as an exception.

And exceptions happen a lot in English spelling,  so you have to understand that these are general  

guidelines, but there are many exceptions, and a  lot of English spelling is simply memorization.

Let's review some common exceptions to this rule.

And don't worry, everything is summarized in that  PDF, along with more common exceptions as well.

Mix, edit, visit, happen, Limit, benefit.

Again, it's simply memorization.

Now let's move on to your next spelling test.

Let's review this short paragraph.

I visited the chief briefly to discuss the  weird foreign smell coming from the field.

I stopped to smell it when I was jogging.

Oh, this one has 8 spelling mistakes.

Can you identify the mall?

Pause the video, take as much time as you  need, and when you're ready, hit play.

So how many could you get?

Here are the mistakes.

Remember that visit was an exception  to the double consonant rule,  

but stop and jog were not exceptions,  so you need to double that consonant.

Come doesn't follow the double consonant  rule, it follows the silent E rule.

So you need to remove that final E before you  add ING and you don't double the consonant.

All the other mistakes are because  because of the spelling rule,  

I before E except after C Repeat that out loud.

I before E except after C And this  rule applies to chief, brief, relief,  

yield, and believe among many more,  which you'll see in the free PDF.

But you might be wondering  about weird and foreign.

Well, there are many exceptions to the I before E  except after C rule, and weird and foreign are two  

of those exceptions, along with neither science,  and their more exceptions are in the free PDF.

Are you ready for another spelling test?

Here's the paragraph I cried when I applied  for the science scholarship but didn't get it.

I guess my study routine wasn't  efficient, but now I'm happier  

because I married a beautiful girl who  enjoys playing chess as much as I do.

There are 6 spelling mistakes.

Hit pause and see if you can identify them all.

How'd you do?

Well, here are the mistakes.

Did you get them all?

Efficient and science are two exceptions  to the I before E except after C rule.

Again, remember, you just need  to memorize these exceptions.

Did you notice that lowercase I  at the very end as much as I do?

Well, this is a subject I, so  it needs to be capitalized.

Let's learn a new rule.

Y becomes I before a suffix,  but not with the suffix ING.

This applies to Try Happy,  Merry beauty, fly, try pity.

There are many other you'll  see in the free lesson PDF.

But of course there are exceptions  that you need to memorize.

Common exceptions include  Enjoy, Play, say, Lay and stay,  

and notice there's an irregular  spelling for say and lay in the past.

Simple.

Remember grammar rules.

There's a lot of irregular verbs as well.

Again, it's just a matter of memorization.

Let's try one more spelling test.

Are you ready?

I can't make the party tonight,  but I hope to see you tomorrow.

I really want to see your cute new puppy.

I have to bite the bullet and use  my vacation time so I can visit.

I'll be a lot happier when  I can take some time off.

There are 11 spelling mistakes.

Can you find the mall?

Hit pause.

Take as much time as you need.

So how many did you find?

Here are the mistakes.

The double consonant rule  applies to really Puppy and  

bullet I before E except after C applies to happy.

That's why it's happier.

Now let's learn one more important spelling rule.

You need to add a silent E to single  syllable words to make the vowel long.

So this rule impacts how you  pronounce the word that E is silent.

It affects the length of the vowel.

So the verb is to make,  which you already knew right?

And adding that silent E makes it a long a.

So it makes the vowel say its name a  EIOU, so a that's the vowels name a.

And when you say make, you use the long a make.

And this helps you distinguish between 2 words  like hop which is a short vowel and then hope,  

hope, oh hope which is a long vowel.

And the same with cut short, cute you cute,  long bit, short bite I bite long take.

I'm sure you already know needs that E.

And then there's the difference  between the name Tim,  

my friend's name is Tim, and time  I time with a long vowel sound.

These are the most important spelling rules.

And remember, there are many words that you simply  just need to memorize the spelling of that word.

So my best advice to you is when you learn a  new word, learn how to spell the word correctly.

Then you'll be doing two things things  at once and you won't need to worry  

about learning all of these spelling rules later.

How about we do one more spelling  test, and this time is going to be  

a good old fashioned spelling test  where I'm just going to say a word,  

I'll say it three times and then I'll say  it in a sentence because it's important  

to hear it in a sentence so you understand  context and you need to write down that word.

Put it directly in the comments section.

Are you ready for your spelling test?

Necessary, necessary, necessary.

Learning how to spell is necessary.

Here's the correct spelling.

Our next word.

Definitely, definitely, definitely.

I'll definitely like this video.

Here's the correct spelling.

Restaurant, restaurant, restaurant.

We went to a restaurant last night.

Here's the correct spelling.

Accommodate, accommodate, Accommodate.

I'll try to accommodate your request.

Here's the correct spelling.

Occasion, Occasion, Occasion.

Do you have address for the special occasion?

Here's the correct spelling.

Parallel.

Parallel, parallel.

I don't know how to parallel park.

Here is the correct spelling.

Embarrass, embarrass, embarrass.

Sometimes you have to embarrass yourself.

Here is the correct spelling.

February, February, February.

I'm going on vacation in February.

Here's the correct spelling.

Separate, separate, separate.

We work in separate rooms.

Here's the correct spelling.

Receive, receive, receive.

What mark did you receive on this spelling test?

Here's the correct spelling.

Did you get that I before E except after C?

In this case, the rule applies.

And So what mark did you  get on this spelling test?

And don't worry if your mark was very low.

Native speakers struggle with spelling as well.

As you could see the pronunciation  and the spelling do not match.

And that's just a part of the English language.

So that's why, like I said, you should learn  the spelling when you learn a new word.

Amazing job.

Now let's focus on speaking.

You'll learn how to train your  brain to think and speak in English.

You'll learn 4 tips #1 Think  during everyday activities.

Think of all the things that you do in your  everyday life that either are very routine,  

don't require a lot of conscious  thought, or are pretty boring.

For me, it would be getting showered in the  morning, doing my makeup, doing my hair.

And for a lot of people it  might be commuting to work.

And then think of all the chores you  do, doing the dishes, making your bed,  

all those various things that  don't require conscious thought.

Well, why don't you use that  time to think in English?

Now, you might be saying or thinking  in your native language perhaps.

Well, Jennifer, what should I think about?

What can I think about?

And here's the best part.

In order to practice thinking in English,  

you just need to make very simple  statements, very simple observations.

You don't need to make it overly complex.

You don't need to focus on certain  grammar structures or vocabulary.

Just look around and observe the room  you're in and make a simple statement.

Let's say you're brushing your teeth  as you go through that process.

Now remember, you don't have to say this out loud.

You can simply think in your head, but think  in English as you pick up the toothpaste.

Think about that.

I'm picking up the toothpaste.

I'm taking off the cap.

I'm putting toothpaste on my toothbrush.

My toothbrush is very old.

I should buy a new toothbrush.

The toothpaste smells minty.

I never noticed the color  of the toothpaste before.

Now think of how boring this conversation is.

In your everyday life, you would  never talk so much about toothpaste,  

your toothbrush, or brushing your teeth, right?

But you are doing this in your head  to practice thinking in English.

And that's just one very simple  thing that you do every day,  

two times a day, maybe three or more times a day.

Think of all the other things and how you can  simply make observations about that situation or  

about what you see around you, and you're going to  make those observations in your head in English.

As a tip, you can start with simple statements,  

my toothbrush is old, and then take that  statement and try to make it more complex.

Can you change the verb tense?

Can you ask a question?

Can you add an adjective so you  can purposely think of ways to  

make it more complex as an additional exercise?

But start simple and then add on.

So if you're committed to trying  this exercise, put toothpaste.

Put toothpaste in the comments.

Why not #2 speak out loud  when you think in your head.

That is very beneficial to train your  brain to start thinking in English,  

to start processing sentence structure,  grammar, vocabulary in English.

But thinking something in your head is not the  same as opening your mouth and saying the words.

Once you open your mouth and say the  words, it's a different activity.

You're practicing your speaking skills now.

You might be thinking to yourself, well,  Jennifer, of course I want to speak.

This is the one thing I want to do in English,  but I don't have anyone to speak with.

I live in a country where  there are no native speakers.

That's OK because there are easy ways that  you can practice speaking on your own.

My favorite way and native  speakers use this activity  

as well to practice their speaking skills.

My favorite way is a website  called Random Question Generator.

All you need to Google is Random Question  Generator and there are many different websites.

I will leave my favorite  websites in the description.

Now what you can do with these  websites is all you do is you  

click the button that generates a random question.

Now what you need to do is as  soon as you see that question,  

I want you to open your mouth and start speaking.

Don't think about grammar, don't think about  vocabulary, don't think about pronunciation.

Open your mouth and start speaking.

Make it your goal to speak for  one minute on on that topic.

You can record yourself speaking.

You can just use the voice  recorder app on your phone.

You can also set a timer for  one minute if you'd like,  

so when that timer goes off then you know  you've spoken for that amount of time.

You don't need to do that.

It's just an option.

Now, after you can listen to that recording  and you can think about your pronunciation,  

grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary,  and you can think of areas to improve.

However, as you're doing the exercise, you're not  thinking about your English, you're just speaking.

But here's the best part,  

because you have already taken the time  to think in English every single day.

Maybe you get 510, even 20 minutes  of practice where you're thinking,  

you're observing, you're making  simple observations more complex.

All of that practice that you just did will  help you open your mouth and get the words out.

Give this activity one week,  then two weeks, then 30 days.

I promise you, if you do this three times  a day for just two to three minutes,  

three times a day in 30 days, you are  going to be so impressed with your results.

So if you're committed to trying this exercise,  

put let's go, put, let's go in  the comments #3 describe images.

This is a more guided method because when  you describe an image, you can think in  

your mind, which is absolutely beneficial.

I've already mentioned why.

Or you can practice speaking out  loud and instead of using a random  

question generator, you are going to use an image.

How are you going to find an image?

You can simply go to Google  Images and put a random.

Word in like cat or dog and choose any image.

Or you can go to a website that  shares free images like pixels,  

which I'll put in the description as well and just  choose one of the first images on the homepage.

This is an exercise that I do with my  students and they absolutely love it.

And the conversations that we have, the examples  that they share are so interesting as well.

Now this is an activity that I do  with my students for free on YouTube.

So make sure you subscribe so you know the  next time that I'm hosting a speaking class.

So here's an image that I used  in my last speaking class and  

the students shared such interesting examples.

Now all you have to do is  describe, type this image.

You can make observations about how  the people look, they're clothing,  

the background, or you can make  statements about what they're doing.

So in this image you might say the man  wearing an orange shirt is kneeling or  

you might say there's an umbrella next to the man.

And again you can make simple  statements more complex.

There's a bright multi colored  umbrella next to the man.

You can even have fun with this and try  to guess what is happening in this image.

So this is what my students did.

Some of them said that the  man is proposing to the woman.

Other people had funny things like the  woman is helping the man because he fell.

So it was really interesting the  different observations that students made.

So you can take any image and use  this to both speak in your head.

Maybe on the way to work.

If you're on the bus or train, you  can do this activity in your head,  

think in your head, or you can  practice speaking out loud.

So are you going to practice this activity if  you are put I'm committed, Put I'm committed  

because I want to know that you're you're  committed to practicing this activity.

And I want you to be committed because  I know the results that you're going  

to get are going to make you so  confident, so happy and so proud.

Number 4A daily summary.

Now this is an activity that you should start  doing regardless because preparing a daily  

summary is a great way to reflect on the day  and ask yourself, what areas am I very proud of?

What areas could I improve on?

And this is just a great thing to do  for your overall personal development.

But we'll focus on how this activity can help you  train your brain to think and speak in English.

Well, the same thing that we talked about before.

You can think these activities in your  head and if you are in a public place,  

this is a great time to just think the activities.

If you are in a more private place,  then you can say it out loud.

And always remember the option is  there to record yourself speaking.

And with your daily summary, of  course, you can summarize your day.

You can talk about the best part of  your day, the worst part of your day,  

three things you're grateful for, three things  you're proud of, three things you want to improve.

And the best part is you don't  need to summarize your whole day.

So you don't need to do this at night.

Maybe your nights are very  busy getting your kids ready  

for school or preparing for work the next day.

So you could do this activity  every day at noon, at lunchtime.

And you can summarize your morning.

So the daily summary doesn't  have to be your entire day.

You could summarize your morning, you  could summarize a meeting at work,  

you could summarize your evening.

Or you can do this multiple times a day.

So you could summarize your morning  and then summarize your evening so  

you have the opportunity to do this twice a day.

Whatever works best for you.

The more you practice, the  faster you'll get results.

I have two bonus tips for you.

Bonus tip #1 Surround yourself  in English as much as you can.

Ask yourself, what can I do to  make my environment more English?

Can you change the settings on  your phone or your computer?

Can you start listening to English music?

Can you start watching English TV shows?

What can you do that's easy for you to  do to make your environment more English?

Can you put labels on all the items in a room  or your entire house and their English labels?

So think about one thing, one thing that you  can do to make your environment more English.

Because of course, the more you  surround yourself with the language,  

the more that your brain  will absorb that language.

And bonus tip #2 the most important is be patient.

This is not going to dramatically  change your English overnight.

But in seven days, you will see some results.

In 14 days, you will see some results.

In 30 days, you will see some results.

But if you take those results from the seven  days, 14 days, and 30 days, guess what?

The result is a lot bigger than you may realize.

And that's only 30 days.

Imagine you do these four.

Very simple, free activities  that only take a few minutes,  

and you do these activities every day for 90 days.

Imagine the results that are possible.

So be patient.

Now let's keep focusing on speaking.

You'll learn transition words.

Knowing these words will help you  expand on your ideas and provide full,  

complex answers when you're speaking in English.

Well, transition words are individual  words or groups of words, phrases that  

you can use to organize your ideas and  to show connection between your ideas.

They're commonly used in academic  or formal writing, but you shouldn't  

limit their use to just that because you can  absolutely use them in your spoken English.

And you should use them in your spoken English  to sound very advanced and professional.

And if you watch to the end of this video,  

I'm going to share how you can use transition  words to expand your ideas and to take a really  

simple idea and be able to talk on that  idea for longer using transition words.

So stay right to the end.

So let's get started.

You're going to learn over 50  transition words in this lesson.

Don't feel overwhelmed, just add  them to your vocabulary as you go.

Our first group of transition words are  used to show cause and effect, causation.

So here I have two separate ideas.

I spilled my coffee.

I changed my shirt.

Now this is where we can use a transition word to  

combine these ideas together and to  show the relationship between them.

I spilled my coffee.

As a result, I changed my shirt.

Cause and effect here are the  transition words in this category,  

and they're listed from most formal to least  formal, so you can take a screenshot of this.

Consequently, Hence, accordingly.

Thus, for that reason, as  a result, therefore, and so  

since because due to now the example I gave you, I  spilled my coffee as a result, I changed my shirt.

This is a casual statement.

It might sound a little odd, perhaps out of place,  

to use a very formal transition  word such as Consequently,  

in such a common everyday speech, I spilled  my coffee, consequently I changed my shirt.

You could absolutely say it,  it's grammatically correct,  

but the choice of transition  word is just a little too formal.

So do not think that formal is the best,  and you absolutely should use formal.

You should use formal when  your ideas are more formal,  

they're more academic, they're more  professional in a business context.

Let's look at a business context.

The project is over budget.

We have to cut costs.

So again, we'll show our cause and effect.

We'll use a transition word  to combine these ideas,  

and because it's a more formal context,  I can use a more formal transition word.

The project is over budget, hence,  consequently, thus, we have to cut costs.

Our next group of transition words is chronology.

This is how events are related  based on when they occur.

So think of time.

Here are three events.

I went to the store, I worked out, I made dinner.

Now, of course, we can add first, second,  third, first, next, finally, that's chronology.

And it instantly sounds more organized and more  advanced when you add the transition words.

So let's review the transition  words in this category first.

Firstly, to start to begin at  the beginning, at the start,  

2nd, secondly, after, afterwards, next,  then subsequently, later, third, thirdly,  

after, afterwards, next, then, subsequently,  later, finally, lastly, last but not least.

Now notice that for the second and 3rd events  many of the transition words are the same.

You can use after, after for  the second and third event,  

or you can use next, next for the  second and third and 4th and 5th event.

But you might want to avoid that so you don't  

sound repetitive using the same  transition word again and again.

So you can use next, then, then  subsequently, subsequently, finally.

So you can use the different transition words  just to show off your advanced vocabulary.

Our next category of transition words is to  show contrast when you have two opposing ideas.

Let me give you 2 ideas.

I love ice cream.

I'm lactose intolerant.

So can you see how these  two ideas are in opposition?

I love ice cream is great.

It's a really positive thing.

But I'm lactose intolerant.

That's negative, and it also means that I can't  eat ice cream, so those ideas are in opposition.

So we can use our contrasting transition words.

However, although though, but I love  ice cream, but I'm lactose intolerant.

Same thing.

The transition words are listed  from most formal to least formal.

Again, you could say I love ice cream,  however, I'm lactose intolerant.

But again, these ideas are quite simple, so you  probably want a more simple transition word.

Our next category of transition  words is addition of similar ideas.

I love ice cream.

I love cake.

It's adding a similar idea because they're both  in the same category, which is desserts or sweets.

The most common transition words from most formal  to least formal in this category are furthermore  

moreover, further additionally in addition  also, and I love ice cream and I love cake.

Obviously, you know that one.

So why not try to advance  your vocabulary by using in  

addition I love ice cream In addition I love cake.

Now let's talk about generality.

This is when things are true most of the time.

The most common transition words in this category  are in general, generally, generally speaking,  

by and large, for the most part, most of the time,  more often than not, usually, typically mostly.

So let's take an example our meetings.

Are very productive.

Now, of course, I'm sure there's one or  two meetings that aren't very productive,  

but most of the time, in general, generally  speaking, our meetings are very productive.

Now let's look at the category of examples.

There are really only three main transition words.

For example, as an example, for instance,  this software has really helped us.

Now it can make your point a lot stronger or help  you expand on your idea by adding an example.

This software has really helped us.

For example, as an example, for instance,  it reduced our error rate by 40%.

Our next category is emphasis.

This category is used to make a point stronger  by adding more supporting information.

Let's take a simple example.

I love pie.

Now what if I wanted to make this point stronger?

I could say it's my favorite dessert.

I love pie.

In fact, it's my favorite dessert.

I love pie.

As a matter of fact, it's my favorite.

Dessert.

These are the only two transition words  that are commonly used to add emphasis.

And finally, conclusion transition words.

Notice I just used a transition word.

And finally, that is a conclusion transition word.

Now, of course, in this category, we  use these transition words when we  

want to end what we're seeing and  our speech and our presentation.

Here are the most common transition words  listed from most formal to least formal.

In conclusion, to conclude, to summarize,  in sum, all things considered, finally,  

overall, ultimately, in the end, to wrap  up, to sum up, All in all, so let's say I'm  

ending my presentation at work and I want my  colleagues to remember 1 very important fact.

And that fact is if we want to remain  competitive, we have to invest in automation.

Now to let my colleagues know that this  is the last point I'm going to make,  

my final point, I'm going to add  a conclusion, transition word.

Ultimately, if we want to remain  competitive, we have to invest in automation.

So now you have 50 plus transition  

words to help you communicate your ideas  in a very professional and organized way.

Before you go, let me share a bonus tip with you.

You can use transition words to  help you expand on your ideas.

So let's take one idea.

In general, our meetings are very productive.

Now I can pick any category of transition word.

To expand on this idea, I could add a contrast.

However, they usually run over  time, so this is an opposing idea.

Now let me give an example of my last point  to add emphasis and to expand even more.

For example, today our meeting was scheduled  to end at 11 and it went until 11/17.

So let's expand on this even more.

What was the effect of the meeting  running over by 17 minutes?

As a result, I was late for  a meeting with a client.

Were there any other effects?

If there were, I could use an  addition of a similar idea.

Transition word.

Additionally, I had to work  through lunch to catch up.

Amazing job in this master class.

Do you want me to make another  master class just like this?

If you do put let's go, let's  go put let's go in the comments.

And of course, make sure you like this lesson,  

share it with your friends and subscribe so  you're notified every time I post a new lesson.

And you can get this free speaking  guide where I share 6 tips on how  

to speak English fluently and confidently.

You can click here to download it or  look for the link in the description.

And here's another master class  to help you improve your English.

Watch it now.