Learn English Grammar: 6 Ways to Use Gerunds

1,021,303 views ใƒป 2013-10-17

English with Alex


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:01
Hi guys, I'm Alex. Thanks for clicking, and welcome to this lesson on gerunds. Now, in
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ื”ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืื ื™ ืืœื›ืก. ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื—ืฆืชื, ื•- ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” - gerunds. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘
00:07
this lesson, we're going to look at all the various functions that a gerund can have in
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืื ื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘
00:12
a sentence. So before we begin that, we should understand what a gerund is and how a gerund
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ืžืฉืคื˜. ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื
00:19
is formed. If you look at the title, you can see that a gerund is basically a verb plus
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ื ื•ืฆืจ. ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืคื•ืขืœ ืคืœื•ืก ing
00:25
"ing". So, what is it? Is it a verb? Is it a noun? Well, it's actually a verbal noun
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.? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฆื ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื ืขืฆื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™
00:32
which means that while it looks like a verb - like for example: in the first sentence
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืขืœ - ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ: ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:37
we have: "running" -, it can perform the same functions as a noun. So think of it as a verbal
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•: "running" - ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื. ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ืคื•ืขืœื™
00:45
noun, leaning more towards the noun part. Okay? So let's look at the six ways that we
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื. ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
00:52
can use a gerund. The top one says:
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ :
00:55
"Running is good for your heart." Now, as we've identified, "running" is the gerund.
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"ืจื™ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœืš." ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ.
01:01
And in this situation, "running" is clearly the subject of the sentence. Right? So a gerund
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” , "ืจื™ืฆื”" ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื– ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
01:08
can be the subject of a sentence. Just like a noun. Right? So "running", "running" is
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืขืฆื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื– "ืœืจื•ืฅ", "ืœืจื•ืฅ" ื–ื”
01:16
what you're talking about; the activity of running. You follow it with a verb: "is",
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื; ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื”. ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ be ื›ืœื•ืžืจ is
01:21
"good for your heart". Okay? So in the second one we say:
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"ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืœื™ื‘ืš". ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
01:25
"He hates waking up early." Now, what is the gerund? The gerund is "waking", it's actually
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"ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื." ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”? ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื "ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ", ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:32
a complete thought here: "waking up". In which position of the sentence is the gerund in
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”
01:38
this sentence? So we have "he" which is the subject, we have "hates" which is the verb,
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”? ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "he" ืฉื”ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "ืฉื•ื ื - hates " ืฉื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœ,
01:43
and then he has to hate something. Right? So, in this situation, what he hates is the
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ? ืื–, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ื–ื”
01:50
object, just like a noun; it can be "pizza" or anything else here. Think of it as a noun.
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ื ืฉื•ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืขืฆื; ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืคื™ืฆื”" ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืืŸ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื.
01:58
Okay, number three: "What I hate most is repeating myself." So
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™. "ืื–
02:05
what is the subject of this sentence? Is it: "What I", is it: "What I hate", "What I hate
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ืžื” ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื”: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™", ื”ืื ื–ื”: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื", "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื
02:11
most", "What I hate most is"? Well, the complete subject is: "What I hate most" and "is", and
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ื”ื›ื™ "," ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ืืช "? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื" ื•- "is ", ื•-
02:18
we have the gerund here: "repeating myself", so saying the same thing again and again.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืืŸ: "ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™", ืื– ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
02:24
Now, in this situation, the gerund is not actually an object because the subject is
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉื•ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื
02:30
not doing anything to the gerund. You're just giving more information about the subject.
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ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
02:36
So: "What I hate most" and then you're actually telling me what you hate most; you're giving
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ืื–: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ืืช" ื•ืื– ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื
02:42
more information about it. So what you're doing is providing a subject complement. Okay?
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
02:57
Okay. Now, the next one:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื:
03:00
"I saw Jim riding his bike." So you're probably getting the idea of a pattern developing here.
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"ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•." ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื›ืืŸ.
03:06
First, let's identify the gerund. The gerund is: "riding". Okay, now let's look at the
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” . ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื: "ืจื›ื™ื‘ื”". ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ
03:15
sentence. We have "I" which is the subject, "saw" -- the verb, "Jim". "I saw Jim", okay,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "I ื™" ืฉื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื, "saw " - ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ื’'ื™ื". "ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื™ื", ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
03:22
"Jim" is the object. Okay, now you're giving more information about Jim's actions here
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"ื’'ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
03:27
though. "I saw Jim": what was he doing? He was: "riding his bike". So in this situation,
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ืขื ื–ืืช. "ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื™ื": ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื•? ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”: "ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•". ืื– ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
03:33
the gerund is giving more information about the object's action. So in this situation
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ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื’'ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื•ื (Jim) .
03:38
it's an object complement. Okay? Sorry for my writing there.
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ืื– ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ื. ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉื.
03:49
And number five - a very, very common way to use gerunds and a very important rule,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ - ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
03:54
especially for intermediate and advanced speakers: "I'm interested in improving myself." In getting
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช "ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™."
04:00
better. So we have: "improving" as the gerund. Now, why are we using the gerund? Why can't
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•: "ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ" ื›ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื”? ืœืžื” ืœื
04:10
we say: "I am interested in improve" or: "I am interested in to improve"? Well, any time
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ : "ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ" ืื•: "ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ "? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช
04:17
you have a preposition - and normally we have lots and lots of adjective and proposition
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก - ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก
04:22
combinations - after the preposition, always use a gerund. So a gerund can be the object
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- ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื– ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื•ื
04:30
of a preposition. Now, more examples of this are: "I am excited about doing something.",
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก. ื›ืขืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื: "ืื ื™ ืœื”ื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.",
04:39
"I am used to doing something." Okay? So it can be the object of a preposition.
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"ืื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•." ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก.
04:45
And finally, this is a rule which is often forgotten and you can actually check out a
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ืกื‘ืจ
04:50
deeper explanation of it on www.engvid.com: "She doesn't like your bossing her around."
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ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืชืจ www.engvid.com: "ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื ืฉื ืขืœื™ื”."
04:56
So we have "bossing", this means telling a person what to do. Okay? So: "She doesn't
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• "bossing ", ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื“ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื–: "ื”ื™ื ืœื
05:04
like your bossing her around." Here we're using "your", we're using a possessive. So
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ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. "ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ "your " ื›ืžื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช . ืœื›ืŸ
05:10
in this situation, a gerund is actually the object of a possessive pronoun. Okay? So it
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช . ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื–ื”
05:17
can be the object of a possessive. There we go.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืœืžื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช. ื”ื ื”.
05:30
So, as you can see, there are numerous ways that we can use a gerund. It's not just a
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ืื–, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” . ื•ืœื ืจืง
05:35
simple type of word with only one function; it has a variety of functions in a variety
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
05:41
of ways we can use it in different parts of a sentence.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜.
05:45
Now, do not confuse, never confuse a gerund with a continuous verb. So if I say: "She
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื•, ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘progressive . ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื™ื
05:52
is running." Okay, I am describing her action in the moment. "Running" is not a gerund.
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ืจืฆื” . "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืจื’ืข. "ืœืจื•ืฅ" ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœื” .
05:59
"Running" is a continuous verb in this situation. Okay? So that is really the most common confusion.
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"ืœืจื•ืฅ " ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:06
Don't confuse a gerund for a continuous verb. Remember: it's a verbal noun. It can perform
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ืืœ ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืžื•ืฉืš .ื–ื›ืจื•: ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืขืฆื ืคื•ืขืœื™. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
06:11
the same functions as any noun like: "pizza", "table", "car", etc.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฆื ื›ืžื•: "ืคื™ืฆื”", "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ", "ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช" ื•ื›ื• '.
06:16
So once more: a gerund can be the subject of a sentence. For example: "Smoking is bad
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘: ืฉื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: "ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืข
06:22
for you." "Smoking" is the subject. It can be the object of the sentence like we have
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš. "" ืœืขืฉืŸ "ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:27
here: "He hates..." what does he hate? "Waking up early." It can be a subject complement.
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ื›ืืŸ: "ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ..." ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื? "ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื. "ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ื•ืฉื.
06:33
"What I hate most is repeating myself." Another example of this might be: "My favourite activity
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"ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ื–ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™." ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: "ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื™
06:40
is hiking", for example. "I saw Jim riding his bike." Object complement. "I'm interested
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ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ", ืœืžืฉืœ." ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื™ื ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• . "ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜." ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:48
in improving myself." So it can be the object of a preposition. Right? So any time you have
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ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™. "ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก. ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
06:54
a preposition like: "in", "at", "on", "by", "against", "with". Okay? "ing", "ing", "ing".
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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื›ืžื•: "ื‘", "ื‘", "ื‘", "ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™", "ื ื’ื“", "ืขื". ื‘ืกื“ืจ? "ing", "ing", "ing".
07:03
And finally, it can be the object of a possessive. So: "She doesn't like your bossing her around."
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืœืžื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืก. ืื–: "ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื ืฉื ืžืขืœื™ื”".
07:10
Or this can even be something simple like: "I don't like her cooking." Okay? So you're
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื•: "ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืœืช." ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ืืชื”
07:17
not describing her activity, you're describing the thing, her cooking. Or I can say: "Your
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ืœื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืืชื” ืžืชืืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœื”. ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš
07:23
speaking", or: "Your listening", "Your writing needs to improve."
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ืื•:" ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ืฉืœืš ", "ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ."
07:28
Okay guys, to test your understanding of this knowledge, as always, you can check out the
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื“ืข, ื›ืžื• ืชืžื™ื“, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช
07:32
quiz on www.engvid.com. Take care, and good luck. And don't forget to subscribe to my
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ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ www.engvid.com. ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœื™
07:37
YouTube channel. See ya.
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ืขืจื•ืฅ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื ืชืจืื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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