How To Use Apostrophes Correctly

12,386 views ใƒป 2018-09-11

Eat Sleep Dream English


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Hey guys welcome to Eat Sleep Dream English, my name is Tom. Now I've got a test for you
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” Eat Sleep Dream English์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ Tom์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:04
guys. My flat mate and I bought the same shoes. I want you to tell me which shoe is mine.
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. ํ”Œ๋žซ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
00:11
Is it the left one or the right one? Alright, did you guess? Yes, it was the right shoe
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์™ผ์ชฝ์ธ๊ฐ€์š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ์•Œ์•˜์–ด? ๋„ค, ๋งž๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:17
but how did you know that? I'm sure you knew that because of the apostrophe that I added
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•„์…จ์–ด์š”? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:22
to the shoe. Now apostrophes are really important. Maybe you are a student and you need to write
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. ์ด์ œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๊ณ 
00:27
in English for your exams or for essays. Maybe at work you need to do presentations or you
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์‹œํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:31
need to write emails in English. Either way they are super important for you to understand
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด๋“ 
00:37
and to know how to use. So today we are going to look at the how, the when and the why of
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์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:42
apostrophes.
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.
00:50
Ok, our first use of apostrophes is in contractions. These are shortened forms of words. Now the
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์ข‹์•„, ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ
00:56
apostrophe replaces the missing letters so for example instead of saying I have, I would
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์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด I have๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
01:03
say I've and the apostrophe there would replace the H and the A. Instead of she will, I'd
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I've๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” H์™€ A๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. she will ๋Œ€์‹ 
01:09
say she'll and the apostrophe will replace the W and I. We would becomes we'd. So the
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she'll์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” W์™€ I๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. We would we'd๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
01:17
apostrophe there replaces a lot of letters, doesn't it. It replaces woul and then you
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ woul์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ 
01:23
get the D. So we have lots of contractions that you use the apostrophe. You see the apostrophe
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D๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
a lot in the negative contractions. So is not becomes isn't. Are not becomes aren't.
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์Œ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์—์„œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Was not becomes wasn't. Have not becomes haven't etc. you get the idea. And the apostrophe
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์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š”
01:39
there plays an important role in replacing the O in each example. A common one that people
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๊ฐ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ O๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ž
01:43
forget let's. So instead of let us we'd say let's. You put the apostrophe between the
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ let us ๋Œ€์‹ ์— let's๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. T์™€ S ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
T and the S. 'Let's go to the cinema.' You need the apostrophe there. It's important
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'์˜ํ™” ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž.' ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฉด ์˜์–ด์—์„œ
01:55
to be aware of when you should use these contractions in your written English. Now generally contractions
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด์ œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ์–ด๋Š”
02:00
are seen as informal language and so therefore you need to think about the context in which
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๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:05
you are writing. Are you writing an informal email in which case perfectly fine. If you
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. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:10
are writing a formal business proposal you might not want to use contractions, so think
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๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œ์•ˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ
02:15
about the context in which you are using your English. Two more examples of contractions
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค . ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ถ•์•ฝ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:19
that you will always use. Of the clock becomes o'clock. So 'what time is it? 'It's seven
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. ์‹œ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์ง€? '์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ๊ณฑ
02:24
o'clock.' You always use that contraction, it's very rare that you would not see that
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์‹œ์•ผ.' ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์ถ•์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ถ•์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:29
contraction. Also in a lot of old English, for example it was becomes 'Twas. For example
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. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 'Twas'๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
02:34
''Twas the night before Christmas.' The apostrophe goes before the T this is old fashioned English.
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'ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์ „๋‚  ๋ฐค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.' ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” T ์•ž์— ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ์‹ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
02:42
You wouldn't use this is your modern written English now but it's just an example of the
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€ ๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
02:46
wide variety of contractions that we might use in English. Now be careful guys because
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์˜ ์˜ˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
sometimes the apostrophe can change the meaning of a word. So for example take this sentence
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š” . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
02:56
'The dog wagged its/it's tail' Now should we use an apostrophe or not? Well you have
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'The dog wagged its/it's tail'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”, ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:03
to think about the context here. The dog wagged its tail. Whose tail? The dog's tail. So this
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ? ๊ฐœ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
03:11
is an example of a possessive pronoun. We don't use an apostrophe because its is a possessive
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์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
pronoun, we don't need it, we don't use it. A possessive pronoun modifies the noun and
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:20
it shows possession, it shows ownership over the thing. So as I say whose tail is it? The
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์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:27
dog's tail, right? So 'The dog wagged its tail.' It's can also be used as a contraction
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๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งž์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค .' It's๋Š”
03:33
of it is or it has. For example 'It's been three weeks since I saw my girlfriend.' It's
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it is ๋˜๋Š” it have์˜ ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด '์—ฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ง€ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
03:42
been, so do we use the apostrophe? Yes we do. Because it's it has been so it's the present
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๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:48
perfect there. It has been three weeks. So it's is a contraction of it has. So when you
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. 3์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
03:55
are writing its, you need to think is this a contraction of it is or it has or is it
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its๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด it is์˜ ์ถ•์•ฝ์–ด์ธ์ง€ it have์ธ์ง€ it is it
04:01
a possessive pronoun. And that will help you to decide if you use the apostrophe or not.
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์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Wait till the end guys, I've got a couple of practise exercises for you to check your
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๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ์Šต ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:09
understanding, alright? So don't go anywhere, hang around for that.
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, ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
04:13
Other examples of contractions I've seen a lot are when we are trying to represent spoken
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
04:18
English in the written form. So the Michael Jackson song 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin''
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์„œ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์ดํด ์žญ์Šจ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin''์€
04:25
It should be 'I want to be starting something' right? That's how it would be written grammatically
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'I want to be started something'์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ  ? ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:31
correctly. When it is said, wanna be startin' somethin'. Now he is using wanna, that's the
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๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ, Wanna be startin ' something'. ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋Š” wanna๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
04:38
written form of what would be said but then we've got the startin', he's taken away the
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๋งํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์„œ๋ฉด ํ˜•์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š”
04:44
G and put an apostrophe. And then something, again he's take away the G and put another
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G๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Š” G๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:50
apostrophe. And that's another form of contraction. Is replacing the G on one of those words with
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. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” G๋ฅผ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ
04:55
an apostrophe so something, starting, going etc. you get the idea.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€, ์‹œ์ž‘, ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Ok, and the second major use of apostrophes is when we talk about possession, owning things.
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์ž, ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ๋„๋Š” ์†Œ์œ , ๋ฌผ๊ฑด ์†Œ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
So in a singular noun we would put the apostrophe and then the 's. For example 'These are Tom's
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์™€ 's๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ†ฐ์˜
05:12
shoes' they are my shoes they are Tom's shoes. So I put the apostrophe S. 'This is Shakespeare's
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์‹ ๋ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค' ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ†ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์…ฐ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์˜
05:20
pen' true story. So again, so to show possession, it's apostrophe S. Shakespeare one person,
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ํŽœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค' ์‹คํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ, ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์…ฐ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด ์ผ์ธ์นญ,
05:27
singular noun, so it's apostrophe S. Now when it's a plural noun we just put an apostrophe
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:33
at the end. So 'Where are the students' books?' Students' there are many of them, could be
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 'ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?' ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:40
two or more, could be thirty whatever. Because that's plural I'm putting just an apostrophe
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๋‘ ๋ช…์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์„œ๋ฅธ ๋ช…์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜๋Š”
05:45
at the end there. If you contrast that with 'Where are the student's books?' with the
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ฑ…์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?' ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
05:49
apostrophe S, that's one singular student. One student and their books. Put the apostrophe
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ํ•™์ƒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ…. ๋์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
05:55
at the end, so students', that's many students. So you can see there the importance of the
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Students', that's many Students. ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:01
apostrophe because it changes the meaning of the sentence. But wait, what if a plural
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
06:06
noun doesn't end in S, for example people or children. Hmmm well in that case we put
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ S๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”? ํ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:12
apostrophe S. So 'Where are the children's iPads?' Apostrophe S, for the plural. Now
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์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ '์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ iPad๋Š” ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?' ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ S. ์ด์ œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ
06:20
as important as it is to know when to use an apostrophe, it's also important to know
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
06:24
when not to use the apostrophe. So for example in possessive pronouns, don't use an apostrophe,
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์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”,
06:32
alright? I mean mine, ok you are probably not going to use an apostrophe there but his,
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์•Œ์•˜์ฃ ? ์ œ ๋ง์€ ์ œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”, ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ his,
06:39
hers, yours, theirs, ours or ours depending on your pronunciation. Don't use an apostrophe
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hers, yours, theirs, ours ๋˜๋Š” ours๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค
06:47
for any of those words. We don't use them, we don't need them. 'Is that dog her?' as
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ € ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?'
06:54
you can see no apostrophe. Another super common mistake is to use them for plurals so 'I want
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 'I want
07:01
three banana's'. Don't, we don't, why, we don't use an apostrophe there, we don't need,
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three banana's'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์™œ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„,
07:08
it's not. Bananas isn't possessive, why are we using an apostrophe there? We don't need
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„. Bananas๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:13
one. If you put an apostrophe with bananas it almost makes it like the bananas own something,
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. ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜์— ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
07:19
like they possess something. But they don't it's just three of them, three bananas, very
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•„์ฃผ
07:24
simple. So with plurals generally don't use apostrophes. Alright here we go, we are going
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:28
to do a little quiz. So I'm going to throw up some sentences on to the screen and I want
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์ž‘์€ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„์šฐ๊ณ 
07:33
you to decide which sentence is correct. So look at the word that has the apostrophe or
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—
07:37
doesn't have the apostrophe and decide if it should be there or not. I've got my fingers
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์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
07:41
crossed for you guys, come on! You can do it, I want full marks from everyone ok?
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๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๊ฑด๋„œ๋‹ค, ์–ด์„œ! ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค , ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์ ์„ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ok?
08:36
Alright how was that? Did that work? Was that ok? Did you get full marks? I hope so, if
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์ข‹์•„, ์–ด๋• ์–ด? ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜์–ด? ๋งŒ์  ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด?
08:40
you didn't re-wind this video, start at the point where you weren't quite sure, try and
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์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋˜๊ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:46
look at that again, learn it and then come back and do the test again if you can, ok?
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ?
08:50
If you enjoyed this video guys please give it a big thumbs up, share it with anyone that
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์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํฐ ์—„์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์น˜์ผœ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค
08:54
you think would find it useful. Maybe you are a native English speaker but you sometimes
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. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์˜์–ด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋”
08:59
make these mistakes and friends of yours make these mistakes, so please share it with them
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”
09:05
as well, I'd love that. Or if you know anyone that needs to write in English, maybe students
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. ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:08
or colleagues, share this with them so they also can avoid making these mistakes. I've
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๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š”
09:13
got new videos every Tuesday and every Friday helping you take your English to the next
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๋งค์ฃผ ํ™”์š”์ผ๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:17
level. Check me out on Instagram, Instagram stories where I put daily English content
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. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ, ๋งค์ผ ์˜์–ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ,
09:21
and of course Facebook as well. Thank so much for hanging out with me guys. Until next time
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์—์„œ๋„ ์ €๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ ค์ค˜์„œ ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€
09:25
guys, this is Tom, the Chief Dreamer, saying goodbye.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋จธ Tom์ด ์ž‘๋ณ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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