Machine intelligence makes human morals more important | Zeynep Tufekci

180,005 views ใƒป 2016-11-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeongmin Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:12
So, I started my first job as a computer programmer
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์—…์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ ์ผ์„
00:16
in my very first year of college --
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๋Œ€ํ•™ 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
basically, as a teenager.
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์•„์ง ์‹ญ๋Œ€์˜€์ฃ .
00:20
Soon after I started working,
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์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด
00:22
writing software in a company,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:24
a manager who worked at the company came down to where I was,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์™€์„œ๋Š”
00:28
and he whispered to me,
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์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์†์‚ญ์˜€์–ด์š”.
00:30
"Can he tell if I'm lying?"
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"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์Ÿค๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ๊นŒ์š”?"
00:33
There was nobody else in the room.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ๋‘˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:37
"Can who tell if you're lying? And why are we whispering?"
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"๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์ฑˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ? ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ์†์‚ญ์ด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”?"
00:42
The manager pointed at the computer in the room.
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๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
00:45
"Can he tell if I'm lying?"
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"์ €๋†ˆ์ด ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?"
00:49
Well, that manager was having an affair with the receptionist.
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๊ทธ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ณ„ ์ง์›๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:55
And I was still a teenager.
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์ „ ์•„์ง ์‹ญ๋Œ€์˜€๊ธฐ์—
00:57
So I whisper-shouted back to him,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ท€์— ๋Œ€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค์ฃ .
00:59
"Yes, the computer can tell if you're lying."
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"๋„ค, ์ € ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹  ๋ถ€์ •์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”."
01:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:04
Well, I laughed, but actually, the laugh's on me.
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์ „ ์›ƒ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:07
Nowadays, there are computational systems
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
01:11
that can suss out emotional states and even lying
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๊ฐ์ • ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง๊นŒ์ง€
01:14
from processing human faces.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:17
Advertisers and even governments are very interested.
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๊ด‘๊ณ  ์—…์ฒด์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:22
I had become a computer programmer
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์„œ
01:24
because I was one of those kids crazy about math and science.
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋ ˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
But somewhere along the line I'd learned about nuclear weapons,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:31
and I'd gotten really concerned with the ethics of science.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ดŒ์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
I was troubled.
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๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:35
However, because of family circumstances,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง‘์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:37
I also needed to start working as soon as possible.
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:41
So I thought to myself, hey, let me pick a technical field
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ค‘์—์„œ
01:44
where I can get a job easily
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์ง์—…์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
01:46
and where I don't have to deal with any troublesome questions of ethics.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
So I picked computers.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ผ์„ ๊ณจ๋ž์ฃ .
01:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:53
Well, ha, ha, ha! All the laughs are on me.
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ํ•˜ํ•˜ํ•˜! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋˜ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
01:57
Nowadays, computer scientists are building platforms
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€
01:59
that control what a billion people see every day.
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์‹ญ์–ต ๋ช…์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
They're developing cars that could decide who to run over.
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๋ˆ„๊ตด ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
02:09
They're even building machines, weapons,
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์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:12
that might kill human beings in war.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:15
It's ethics all the way down.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:19
Machine intelligence is here.
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
We're now using computation to make all sort of decisions,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:25
but also new kinds of decisions.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:27
We're asking questions to computation that have no single right answers,
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์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
์ •๋‹ต์ด ์—†๋Š” ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
that are subjective
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02:33
and open-ended and value-laden.
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02:36
We're asking questions like,
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:37
"Who should the company hire?"
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"๋ˆ„๊ตด ์ฑ„์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?"
02:40
"Which update from which friend should you be shown?"
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"์–ด๋Š ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ์‹์„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:42
"Which convict is more likely to reoffend?"
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"์–ด๋Š ์žฌ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฒ” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์„๊นŒ์š”?"
02:45
"Which news item or movie should be recommended to people?"
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"์–ด๋–ค ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋„ฃ์„๊นŒ์š”?"
02:48
Look, yes, we've been using computers for a while,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฝค ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:51
but this is different.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
02:53
This is a historical twist,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ˜์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
because we cannot anchor computation for such subjective decisions
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊นŒ์ง€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:00
the way we can anchor computation for flying airplanes, building bridges,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:06
going to the moon.
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03:08
Are airplanes safer? Did the bridge sway and fall?
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€. ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€.
03:11
There, we have agreed-upon, fairly clear benchmarks,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:16
and we have laws of nature to guide us.
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์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ .
03:18
We have no such anchors and benchmarks
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ผ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
03:21
for decisions in messy human affairs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
To make things more complicated, our software is getting more powerful,
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๋”์šฑ์ด ์š”์ฆ˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:30
but it's also getting less transparent and more complex.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋”์šฑ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
Recently, in the past decade,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
03:36
complex algorithms have made great strides.
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๋ณตํ•ฉ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:39
They can recognize human faces.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:41
They can decipher handwriting.
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์†๊ธ€์”จ๋„ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
03:44
They can detect credit card fraud
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์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ 
03:46
and block spam
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์ŠคํŒธ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
03:47
and they can translate between languages.
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:49
They can detect tumors in medical imaging.
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์˜์ƒ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:52
They can beat humans in chess and Go.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฒด์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‘‘์„ ๋‘์–ด ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
Much of this progress comes from a method called "machine learning."
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์ด ์ง„์ „์—๋Š” '๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณต์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
Machine learning is different than traditional programming,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
where you give the computer detailed, exact, painstaking instructions.
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๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:07
It's more like you take the system and you feed it lots of data,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋’ค์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
including unstructured data,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ
04:13
like the kind we generate in our digital lives.
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๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:15
And the system learns by churning through this data.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ—ค์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
And also, crucially,
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๋˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:20
these systems don't operate under a single-answer logic.
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋‹จ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
They don't produce a simple answer; it's more probabilistic:
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ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๋‹ต์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:27
"This one is probably more like what you're looking for."
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"์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฐพ๋˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
04:32
Now, the upside is: this method is really powerful.
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์žฅ์ ์€ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
The head of Google's AI systems called it,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ 
'์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:37
"the unreasonable effectiveness of data."
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04:39
The downside is,
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๋‹จ์ ์€
04:41
we don't really understand what the system learned.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
In fact, that's its power.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์žฅ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:46
This is less like giving instructions to a computer;
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:51
it's more like training a puppy-machine-creature
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
04:55
we don't really understand or control.
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:58
So this is our problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:00
It's a problem when this artificial intelligence system gets things wrong.
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์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ฃ .
05:04
It's also a problem when it gets things right,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ํ•™์Šตํ–ˆ์–ด๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
because we don't even know which is which when it's a subjective problem.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:11
We don't know what this thing is thinking.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:15
So, consider a hiring algorithm --
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์ฑ„์šฉ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:20
a system used to hire people, using machine-learning systems.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
Such a system would have been trained on previous employees' data
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด์ „ ์ง์›๋“ค ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
05:28
and instructed to find and hire
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์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ง์›๋“ค์„
05:31
people like the existing high performers in the company.
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๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:34
Sounds good.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
I once attended a conference
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ž„์›๋“ค
05:38
that brought together human resources managers and executives,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์œ„์ง๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋„์ž…์„
05:41
high-level people,
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์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
using such systems in hiring.
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05:43
They were super excited.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋“ค๋–  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:45
They thought that this would make hiring more objective, less biased,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํŽธํŒŒ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:50
and give women and minorities a better shot
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ
05:53
against biased human managers.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
And look -- human hiring is biased.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์€ ํŽธํ–ฅ๋์ฃ .
05:59
I know.
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์ €๋„ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
06:00
I mean, in one of my early jobs as a programmer,
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง์žฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ
06:03
my immediate manager would sometimes come down to where I was
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์ œ ์ง์† ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:07
really early in the morning or really late in the afternoon,
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๋ฐค ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์™€์„œ
06:11
and she'd say, "Zeynep, let's go to lunch!"
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"์ œ์ด๋„ต, ์ ์‹ฌ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:14
I'd be puzzled by the weird timing.
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์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜์•„ํ•ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:16
It's 4pm. Lunch?
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์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ์— ์ ์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ?
06:19
I was broke, so free lunch. I always went.
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์ „ ๋ˆ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ ์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ”์ฃ .
06:22
I later realized what was happening.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์œ ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:24
My immediate managers had not confessed to their higher-ups
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์ œ ์ง์† ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๊ฐ€
06:29
that the programmer they hired for a serious job was a teen girl
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์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€์— ์šด๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ผํ„ฐ์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ
06:32
who wore jeans and sneakers to work.
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๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:37
I was doing a good job, I just looked wrong
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์ผ์€ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž…์€ ์˜ท๊ณผ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด
06:39
and was the wrong age and gender.
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'์ ์ ˆ์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๋˜' ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:41
So hiring in a gender- and race-blind way
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์ธ์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„์šฉ์€
06:44
certainly sounds good to me.
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
But with these systems, it is more complicated, and here's why:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–‘๋‚ ์˜ ์นผ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:50
Currently, computational systems can infer all sorts of things about you
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋„
06:56
from your digital crumbs,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
even if you have not disclosed those things.
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07:01
They can infer your sexual orientation,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์„ฑ์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:04
your personality traits,
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์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ
07:06
your political leanings.
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์ •์น˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜์ฃ .
07:08
They have predictive power with high levels of accuracy.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ ์ค‘๋ฅ ๋กœ์š”.
07:13
Remember -- for things you haven't even disclosed.
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๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
This is inference.
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์ถ”๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:17
I have a friend who developed such computational systems
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์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ SNS ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:20
to predict the likelihood of clinical or postpartum depression
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐํ›„ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
from social media data.
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07:26
The results are impressive.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Her system can predict the likelihood of depression
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์—
07:31
months before the onset of any symptoms --
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:35
months before.
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „์—์š”.
07:37
No symptoms, there's prediction.
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์ฆ์ƒ๋„ ์—†์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:39
She hopes it will be used for early intervention. Great!
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ฃ ?
07:44
But now put this in the context of hiring.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
So at this human resources managers conference,
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ธ ์•„๊นŒ ๊ทธ ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ
07:51
I approached a high-level manager in a very large company,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„์ง ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
and I said to her, "Look, what if, unbeknownst to you,
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด
08:00
your system is weeding out people with high future likelihood of depression?
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
08:07
They're not depressed now, just maybe in the future, more likely.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:11
What if it's weeding out women more likely to be pregnant
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ž„์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
1,2๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์ถœ์‚ฐ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๋งŒํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
08:15
in the next year or two but aren't pregnant now?
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08:18
What if it's hiring aggressive people because that's your workplace culture?"
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์ง์žฅ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?"
08:25
You can't tell this by looking at gender breakdowns.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‚จ๋…€ ์„ฑ๋น„๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
08:27
Those may be balanced.
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์„ฑ๋น„๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ท ํ˜•์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:29
And since this is machine learning, not traditional coding,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:32
there is no variable there labeled "higher risk of depression,"
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'์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
08:37
"higher risk of pregnancy,"
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'์ž„์‹  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ'
08:39
"aggressive guy scale."
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'๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์ฒ™๋„'๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
08:41
Not only do you not know what your system is selecting on,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
08:45
you don't even know where to begin to look.
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์–ด๋””๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:48
It's a black box.
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๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
It has predictive power, but you don't understand it.
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
08:52
"What safeguards," I asked, "do you have
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:54
to make sure that your black box isn't doing something shady?"
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"๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ง“์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ์–ด๋–ค ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?"
09:00
She looked at me as if I had just stepped on 10 puppy tails.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
09:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:06
She stared at me and she said,
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋นคํžˆ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
09:08
"I don't want to hear another word about this."
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”."
09:13
And she turned around and walked away.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์„œ์„œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
09:16
Mind you -- she wasn't rude.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
09:17
It was clearly: what I don't know isn't my problem, go away, death stare.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์˜€์ฃ .
09:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:25
Look, such a system may even be less biased
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:29
than human managers in some ways.
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09:31
And it could make monetary sense.
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์ธ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋ˆ๋„ ๋œ ์จ๋„ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:34
But it could also lead
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:36
to a steady but stealthy shutting out of the job market
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
of people with higher risk of depression.
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09:43
Is this the kind of society we want to build,
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ
09:46
without even knowing we've done this,
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09:48
because we turned decision-making to machines we don't totally understand?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
09:53
Another problem is this:
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
these systems are often trained on data generated by our actions,
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
human imprints.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ํ”์ ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
10:02
Well, they could just be reflecting our biases,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:06
and these systems could be picking up on our biases
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ทธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ตํžˆ๊ณ  ํ™•๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
and amplifying them
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10:10
and showing them back to us,
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10:12
while we're telling ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:13
"We're just doing objective, neutral computation."
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"์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์•ผ~" ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
10:18
Researchers found that on Google,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
10:22
women are less likely than men to be shown job ads for high-paying jobs.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
And searching for African-American names
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘์ธ๊ณ„ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:31
is more likely to bring up ads suggesting criminal history,
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ „๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
10:35
even when there is none.
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์ „๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:38
Such hidden biases and black-box algorithms
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•”๋ฌต์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค ์† ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€
10:42
that researchers uncover sometimes but sometimes we don't know,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์—
10:46
can have life-altering consequences.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:49
In Wisconsin, a defendant was sentenced to six years in prison
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์œ„์Šค์ฝ˜์‹ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ฃ„๋กœ
10:54
for evading the police.
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6๋…„ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
You may not know this,
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:58
but algorithms are increasingly used in parole and sentencing decisions.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ฐ€์„๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
He wanted to know: How is this score calculated?
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:05
It's a commercial black box.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค์˜€๊ณ 
11:07
The company refused to have its algorithm be challenged in open court.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์‹ฌํŒ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:12
But ProPublica, an investigative nonprofit, audited that very algorithm
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ProPublica๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:17
with what public data they could find,
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11:19
and found that its outcomes were biased
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๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์šฐ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:22
and its predictive power was dismal, barely better than chance,
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11:25
and it was wrongly labeling black defendants as future criminals
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ํ‘์ธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์ฐ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
11:30
at twice the rate of white defendants.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
So, consider this case:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
11:38
This woman was late picking up her godsister
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ธŒ๋กœ์›Œ๋“œ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”
11:41
from a school in Broward County, Florida,
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๊ตํšŒ ๋™์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ์•ฝ์†์— ๋Šฆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
11:44
running down the street with a friend of hers.
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์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:47
They spotted an unlocked kid's bike and a scooter on a porch
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์–ด๋Š ์ง‘ ํ˜„๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์™€ ์Šค์ฟ ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
11:51
and foolishly jumped on it.
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์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ง‘์–ด ํƒ”์–ด์š”.
11:52
As they were speeding off, a woman came out and said,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚  ๋•Œ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์™€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค์ฃ .
11:55
"Hey! That's my kid's bike!"
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•  ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ญ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ!"
11:57
They dropped it, they walked away, but they were arrested.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
She was wrong, she was foolish, but she was also just 18.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ธด ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์—ด์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:04
She had a couple of juvenile misdemeanors.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ „๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฑด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:07
Meanwhile, that man had been arrested for shoplifting in Home Depot --
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ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๋งˆํŠธ์—์„œ 85๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์–ด์น˜ ์ข€๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
85 dollars' worth of stuff, a similar petty crime.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ฃ .
12:16
But he had two prior armed robbery convictions.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ „๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:21
But the algorithm scored her as high risk, and not him.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:26
Two years later, ProPublica found that she had not reoffended.
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2๋…„ ๋’ค์—
ProPublica๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์žฌ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
It was just hard to get a job for her with her record.
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์ „๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ทจ์ง์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:33
He, on the other hand, did reoffend
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
12:35
and is now serving an eight-year prison term for a later crime.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ 8๋…„์„ ๋ณต์—ญ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
Clearly, we need to audit our black boxes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ
12:43
and not have them have this kind of unchecked power.
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์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:50
Audits are great and important, but they don't solve all our problems.
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๊ฒ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
Take Facebook's powerful news feed algorithm --
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค ํ”ผ๋“œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด์ฃ .
12:57
you know, the one that ranks everything and decides what to show you
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ณ 
ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค„์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:01
from all the friends and pages you follow.
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13:04
Should you be shown another baby picture?
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์•„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋˜ ๋ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:08
A sullen note from an acquaintance?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€์ธ์˜ ์‚์ง„ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ธ€?
13:11
An important but difficult news item?
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์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ?
13:13
There's no right answer.
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์ •๋‹ต์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
Facebook optimizes for engagement on the site:
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
likes, shares, comments.
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ณต์œ , ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ด์ฃ .
13:20
In August of 2014,
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2014๋…„ 8์›”์—
13:22
protests broke out in Ferguson, Missouri,
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
13:25
after the killing of an African-American teenager by a white police officer,
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์‹ญ๋Œ€ ํ‘์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ›„, ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ ํผ๊ฑฐ์Šจ์—์„œ
13:30
under murky circumstances.
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์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
The news of the protests was all over
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์‹œ์œ„ ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
13:34
my algorithmically unfiltered Twitter feed,
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธ€๋ชฉ๋ก์—๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
13:36
but nowhere on my Facebook.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์—๋Š” ํ”์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
Was it my Facebook friends?
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•ด์ œํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
I disabled Facebook's algorithm,
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13:43
which is hard because Facebook keeps wanting to make you
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์› ์ฃ .
13:46
come under the algorithm's control,
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13:48
and saw that my friends were talking about it.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์œ„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
It's just that the algorithm wasn't showing it to me.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
I researched this and found this was a widespread problem.
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์ „ ์ด๊ฑธ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
The story of Ferguson wasn't algorithm-friendly.
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ํผ๊ฑฐ์Šจ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
14:00
It's not "likable."
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์ข‹์•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Who's going to click on "like?"
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๋Œ“๊ธ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ป„๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด๋ฐ
14:03
It's not even easy to comment on.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์š”๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
14:05
Without likes and comments,
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์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์ด ์ ์–ด์„œ
14:07
the algorithm was likely showing it to even fewer people,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋” ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
14:10
so we didn't get to see this.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
Instead, that week,
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:14
Facebook's algorithm highlighted this,
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14:16
which is the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge.
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๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ๋ฆญ ๋ณ‘ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„์ด์Šค ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
Worthy cause; dump ice water, donate to charity, fine.
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์–ผ์Œ๋ฌผ ์„ธ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ฃ .
14:22
But it was super algorithm-friendly.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
The machine made this decision for us.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:27
A very important but difficult conversation
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์†Œํ†ต ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:31
might have been smothered,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋ฌปํž ๋ป”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
had Facebook been the only channel.
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14:36
Now, finally, these systems can also be wrong
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
14:39
in ways that don't resemble human systems.
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
Do you guys remember Watson, IBM's machine-intelligence system
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ํ€ด์ฆˆ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ
14:45
that wiped the floor with human contestants on Jeopardy?
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IBM์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์™“์Šจ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
14:49
It was a great player.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:50
But then, for Final Jeopardy, Watson was asked this question:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™“์Šจ์ด ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
14:54
"Its largest airport is named for a World War II hero,
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"์ด ๋„์‹œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ 2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ์˜์›…์„,
14:57
its second-largest for a World War II battle."
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ 2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
14:59
(Hums Final Jeopardy music)
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(Jeopardy ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์Œ์•…)
15:01
Chicago.
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๋‹ต์€ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์ฃ .
15:02
The two humans got it right.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งž์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
Watson, on the other hand, answered "Toronto" --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™“์Šจ์€ 'ํ† ๋ก ํ† '๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ฃ .
15:09
for a US city category!
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์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:11
The impressive system also made an error
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
15:14
that a human would never make, a second-grader wouldn't make.
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์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„์ƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์ฃ .
15:18
Our machine intelligence can fail
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:21
in ways that don't fit error patterns of humans,
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15:25
in ways we won't expect and be prepared for.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
It'd be lousy not to get a job one is qualified for,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋‚˜์  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
15:31
but it would triple suck if it was because of stack overflow
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
15:35
in some subroutine.
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:38
In May of 2010,
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2010๋…„ 5์›”์—
15:41
a flash crash on Wall Street fueled by a feedback loop
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์›”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋งค๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฌธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฝํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:45
in Wall Street's "sell" algorithm
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15:48
wiped a trillion dollars of value in 36 minutes.
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36๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— 1์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์–ด์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
15:53
I don't even want to think what "error" means
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์‚ด์ƒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— '์˜ค๋ฅ˜'๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€
15:55
in the context of lethal autonomous weapons.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
So yes, humans have always made biases.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ๋งŽ์ฃ .
16:05
Decision makers and gatekeepers,
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ
16:07
in courts, in news, in war ...
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๋ฒ•์ •, ์–ธ๋ก , ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ
16:11
they make mistakes; but that's exactly my point.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
We cannot escape these difficult questions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
We cannot outsource our responsibilities to machines.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋– ๋„˜๊ฒจ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:29
Artificial intelligence does not give us a "Get out of ethics free" card.
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด '์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ฉด์ฃ„๋ถ€'๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
Data scientist Fred Benenson calls this math-washing.
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ฒ ๋„จ์Šจ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  '๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํƒ'์ด๋ผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:38
We need the opposite.
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์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
We need to cultivate algorithm suspicion, scrutiny and investigation.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
We need to make sure we have algorithmic accountability,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
16:48
auditing and meaningful transparency.
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๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
We need to accept that bringing math and computation
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
16:54
to messy, value-laden human affairs
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
16:57
does not bring objectivity;
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
rather, the complexity of human affairs invades the algorithms.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
17:04
Yes, we can and we should use computation
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
to help us make better decisions.
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17:09
But we have to own up to our moral responsibility to judgment,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์งŠ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
and use algorithms within that framework,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ทธ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ 
17:17
not as a means to abdicate and outsource our responsibilities
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์— ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
17:22
to one another as human to human.
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17:25
Machine intelligence is here.
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์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š”
17:28
That means we must hold on ever tighter
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
17:31
to human values and human ethics.
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๋”์šฑ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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