Could We Replace Data Centers with … Plant DNA? | Cliff Kapono and Keolu Fox | TED

8,608 views ・ 2024-10-29

TED


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Cliff Kapono: So people are pretty surprised
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when I tell them I know the world's first native Hawaiian genome scientist.
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Not because of all the texts he sends me about genome editing and DNA research,
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but mostly because they're dominated by cat memes.
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Keolu Fox: Oh, brother, you know there's plenty of surfing in there, too.
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CK: That's true. Those take up their own folder.
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KF: There's something you should know about Cliff and I.
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We've known each other forever,
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and we spend way too much time staring at our phones,
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looking at surf videos.
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CK: He's one of those screen time people.
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You know, FaceTime only,
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won't answer the phone unless he's giving us face-to-face.
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And if he is texting me, he's asking me to send him updates
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on what the waves look like or how the waves were.
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KF: That's true. I love FaceTime, but that's because Cliff here is unique.
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As the only professional surfer to have a PhD
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in analytical chemistry, no less,
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he gets to spend his time exploring and surfing
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some of the most incredible waves on the planet.
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And now that we have the capacity
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to share that information from anywhere in the world,
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why wouldn't we?
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CK: Probably because it's using up all my monthly data,
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sending him images of what the waves look like
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whenever I'm on a surf trip.
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KF: That brings up a good point.
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We do share and interact with terabytes of data almost every day,
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some more than others.
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CK: Through texts, emails, and now this thing --
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I don't know if you guys heard about AI --
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we're entering a new phase of data production, consumption,
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and probably one of the most challenging issues of our generation -- data storage.
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KF: But we think we have a solution.
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And the answer is an Indigenous one.
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We believe we can package text, images and even surf videos
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in the genomes of living organisms
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and access them at a later time.
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CK: Because, as Keolu likes to remind me, what's a genome if not a giant hard drive?
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Our difference is we want to put this information into local plants,
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sequestering atmospheric CO2,
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and also reducing the energy required in a rapidly changing climate.
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KF: You see, the climate crisis has a new problem.
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Data centers are rapidly contributing to this climate crisis.
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And data forecasters estimate
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that by next year, there will be over 50 billion
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IoT devices connected to one another,
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generating over 80 billion terabytes of information.
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And to put things into context,
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that new iPhone in your pocket,
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that can hold a total of around one terabyte of information.
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CK: But we're not just storing information on our phones anymore.
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We're uploading them onto that cloud, wherever it is.
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And heat is a byproduct of cloud storage.
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It's estimated between three to seven kilowatt-hours of energy are needed
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for every gigabyte of information transferred and stored.
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To put that into context, watching about two minutes of 4K video
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is the same amount of energy
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that's required to power your phone for one year.
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And if we are continuing to back up this information,
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as we are encouraged to do,
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the heat expenditure could increase exponentially,
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moving into the future.
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KF: Now data centers combat these thermodynamic challenges
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by relying on cooling mechanisms, kind of like air conditioners,
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but they take up around 40 percent of their energy demands.
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And because of this,
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their energy footprint is greater than the airline industry's as a whole.
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CK: Imagine how much energy was required by the entire US alone.
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KF: Funny you should ask, Clifford.
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The data industry requires approximately 200 terawatt-hours annually
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and with the combination of smart devices,
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like phones, watches and personal computers,
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it accounts for two percent of global CO2 emissions.
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But here's the kicker.
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With the introduction of GPUs
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and large language models,
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and deep learning,
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heat emissions from data centers
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are poised to surpass the fossil fuel industry
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as the number one contributor to the climate crisis in our lifetimes.
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But there's a better way. DNA.
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After all, life has been storing information in the organisms' genomes
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for billions of years,
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and storing text, images and videos is nothing new.
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CK: Working off the research by Daniel Gibson,
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a monumental study in 2017,
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led by Seth Shipman and Joe Davis,
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showed the world that we can put a video into the genome of a bacteria.
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They showed us that every image pixel can be represented
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by a unique RGB color code.
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KF: And that color code can be ciphered into the genetic code,
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and those sequences can be inserted
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into the noncoding portion of an organism's genome,
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using genome editing techniques that many of you are familiar with.
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CK: And all we need to do to access this information at a later time
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is to sequence the genes that hold that information
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and cipher it back into the pixeled image.
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And we see the potential of this research,
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and we want to expand beyond just single-cellular organisms like bacteria,
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and move into multicellular organisms,
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multicellular organisms like sugarcane.
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KF: What once was a symbol of colonialism across our islands,
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can now be viewed as a symbol for a more sustainable future.
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CK: If you're not catching the colonial reference there,
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let us remind you of some of the history.
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In 1893, a group of American sugarcane plantation owners
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illegally overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom,
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in part to avoid tax import on sugar production,
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leaving behind 131 years of illegal occupation
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and systemic oppression across our islands.
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KF: And for many of us Hawaiians,
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sugar has left a bitter taste in our mouths.
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CK: But we want to reshape this narrative and take back agency
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by putting data into the very thing that nearly wiped out our people.
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Additionally, we see sugar as something
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that is beyond just a way to decolonize the data industry,
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but also a way to show something practical.
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Its genome is enormous, and it has multiple genes within it.
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KF: Which theoretically is great for data storage,
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duplication and integrity.
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Imagine storing over 200,000 terabytes of information in a single gram of DNA.
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CK: And you would think with this sort of technology,
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we'd be out there planting acres and acres of these sugar drives,
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like those greedy fuckers of the past.
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(Laughter)
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But we think we have something different. We want to do it differently.
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KF: We believe that sugar drives are just a small part of the solution.
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We’re also exploring other Indigenous varieties of breadfruit, coconut
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and other microbiota.
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We have an ambitious dream of revitalizing Indigenous land systems
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that double as biological data centers.
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CK: And we hope everyone remembers
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that indigeneity is just not about being native peoples.
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It's about understanding the unique roles
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that multiple species have within our ecosystem.
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KF: All of us come from unique places
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with a tremendous amount of native species.
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Collectively, all of those species help those systems to function better.
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CK: All of us Indigenous beings have to reckon with the fact
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that we all must return to the earth,
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and that MEGA Land is a place where we hope our data can go.
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KF: Resting on the banks of our town's largest living estuary,
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this two-acre parcel of land
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is a beacon of hope for Indigenous people around the world.
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CK: What was destined to be another hotel, condominium or marina
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is now becoming a thriving Indigenous land use center.
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KF: Here, there exists a tremendous amount of information
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that can be digitized and stored locally,
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just like our community's oral histories, hula and chants.
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CK: Biodiversity metrics can be taken alongside environmental observations
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by the people who depend on this area
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and put into organisms that potentially hold the key to environmental resilience.
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KF: Data no longer need be taken away from these places
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and stored in hot, dark, noisy rooms miles away.
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CK: It can remain connected to the land,
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like the stories of old and the Indigenous peoples of today.
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KF: We're talking about doing something new
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that we know to be very, very old.
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CK: And this might not solve the global data storage crisis,
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but as we move into a future where there's digital species
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and AI influencers,
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we hope that some of the solutions that we so desperately seek
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aren't only found in a deep algorithm in some supercomputer,
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but they might be in a community that is standing in front of you today.
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(Applause)
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Oh, you guys are getting crazy. OK.
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(Applause)
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But probably the biggest hope, for me at least,
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of this whole experiment --
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(Laughter)
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Is to one day be able to respond to Keolu's annoying texts.
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KF: How were the waves?
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CK: Take a hike at the MEGA Land,
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sequence some DNA and see it for yourself.
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Both: Thank you.
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(Applause)
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(Laughter)
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