How to Correctly Use Auxiliary Verb COULD - Learn English Grammar

52,384 views ・ 2018-08-15

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Hi, everybody. My name is Alisha.
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Today, I'm going to talk about how to use the word “could” to express possibility
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and a few other uses of this word too.
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So, let's get started.
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Okay, the first use of “could” that I want to mention is as the past tense of “can.”
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So, “can” is the present tense word we use to talk about ability, we use it for ability.
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However, in the past tense “can” becomes “could.”
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That means we use the word, “could,” to express past ability.
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Let's look at some example sentences.
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First one, “When I was young I could speak Spanish.”
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So, a past tense situation, this is a past ability.
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“I could speak Spanish.”
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“Three years ago, she could swim faster than all the other students in her class.”
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So, again a past tense situation, three years ago here.
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Okay, one more.
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“Last week, I couldn't use this software.
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Now, I can.”
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So, here, I've used the negative “couldn't,” could not.
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“Last week, I couldn't use this software.
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Now, I can.”
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So, I used “can” in the present tense here.
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So, that's the first point that I want to mention for today.
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Using “could” as the past tense of the word, “can.”
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So, these all express past ability, a past capability.
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The second point I want to talk about for today is using “could” for suggestions
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and for advice.
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Please keep in mind when you use “could,” it's not giving maybe a promise about that
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activity.
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You're not making any promises about the activity.
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The nuance of “could” or the meaning of “could” is just possibility.
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When you give a suggestion or when you give advice, using the word, “could,” you're
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giving some information about possibility only.
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Something it is possible to do, an action it is possible to take.
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Let's look at some examples then.
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First, “We could go hiking this weekend.”
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Here, I have “could.”
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So, again, just a possibility.
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“It's possible to go hiking this weekend,” “we could.”
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So, this is a suggestion for a possible action.
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Next, “I could cook something spicy for dinner tonight.”
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Again, possibility only.
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“I could cook something spicy for dinner.”
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It's possible for me to make something spicy.
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Third, “You could try talking to your landlord about the problem.”
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So, here, I have the word, “could.”
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Again, it's possible you could talk to your landlord.
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It's possible, you could.
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So, we can think of these two things as having a very similar meaning.
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Keep in mind, of course, because this is a suggestion, if I suggest, for example, “I
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could cook something for dinner tonight,” the nuance is that maybe the speaker wants
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to do that activity or recommends that activity or that action.
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But, the nuance once, again, is just that it's possible, just that it's possible.
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So, it's a fairly soft recommendation.
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Okay, so that's point number two I want to mention.
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Before I go to point number three, I want to mention two kinds of smaller points within
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this.
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First, when we use “could” in the positive like I've used here, “She could swim,”
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or, “We could go hiking,” for example, this refers to something that is possible.
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It is something that is possible to do.
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In the negative form, however, like “could not,” for example, in this sentence, “Last
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week, I couldn't use this software.”
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When we use it in the negative form, it means impossible, 0% chance.
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Positive is just something possible.
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There's potential for an action to happen or for a status, but, impossible is the negative
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form.
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It is totally impossible, zero chance of something.
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So, with these points in mind, let's look at the next item I want to talk about.
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Okay.
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So, we can use “could” and “be,” the verb, “to be,” for a status.
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So, a situation like to talk about a person or to talk about a thing.
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So, again, this expresses a possibility.
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We are making a guess.
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So, in these cases, we don't have all the information about a situation but we are making
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a guess, a guess about potential, a guess about possibility.
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For example, “This could be the right house.”
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If you've seen the video we did about using “must,” you'll notice maybe I've used
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a similar sentence here.
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“This could be the right house,” and “This must be the right house.”
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They're very similar sentences.
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“Could” expresses only possibility, so a lower level of certainty than “must.”
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If I say, “This must be the right house,” it means there's a very high chance this is
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the correct house.
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Here, “could” shows only possibility, so a lower level of chance, there's not so
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much certainty here.
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Let's look at another one.
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“He couldn't be my teacher.
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I heard my teacher wears glasses.”
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Here, I have the negative, “couldn't,” “He couldn't be my teacher.”
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That implies it is impossible.
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So, “That person, that man, couldn't be my teacher because I heard my teacher wears
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glasses.”
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So, I have some other information that tells me, “This person, this guy, he couldn't
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be my teacher.
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It's not possible for him to be my teacher.”
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One more example.
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“They could be asleep, maybe that's why they're not answering the phone.”
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So, here, I've used positive “could,” “They could be asleep,” so I'm showing
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only possibility here.
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I'm giving a possible explanation for why these people are not answering their phone.
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“They could be asleep.”
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It's possible they are asleep.
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Okay.
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Now, let's consider how to explain points like this but in the past tense.
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So, when we make the past tense, we use “have” and the past participle of a verb.
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So, for example, “She couldn't have been on the airplane.”
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“She couldn't,” again, impossible, “It was impossible she was on the airplane.”
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“She couldn't have been on the airplane,” maybe her first flight was delayed.
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It's impossible.
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It was impossible for her to be on the airplane.
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Another example, “This could have been finished faster.”
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I have the positive here showing it's possible.
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So, a project, for example, it's possible that this project, maybe, “could.”
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It's possible to have been finished faster here.
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So, again, the positive form shows only possibility and here in the past, “could have been finished
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faster.”
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One more, “I could’ve.”
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Here, I've used the contracted form.
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So, “could” plus “have” become “could've.”
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So, “I could’ve gotten up earlier.”
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Maybe I got up at 10 o'clock but 8 o'clock was possible in the past.
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“I could have,” meaning maybe I didn't but it was possible in the past.
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We can use “could've” to show that.
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Okay.
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The final point I want to make today is about future situations.
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Making guesses about future situations.
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Just a couple of examples here.
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Remember, the same positive and negative point applies here as well.
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So, in the first example, “I have your mom could call while we're out.”
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“Your mom could,” and then I have a verb after this, “call,” to call, make a phone
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call.
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So, “Your mom could call while we're out,” meaning, in the future, when we are out of
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the house, it's possible your mother may call.
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This is the nuance of this expression.
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So, I'm making a guess about a future situation with the word, “could.”
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“Your mother could call while we're out.”
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We can use it in another situation.
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“He could send the file before the meeting.”
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So, again, these are guesses, both cases, your mom and this, he, person, these are guesses
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about other people.
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We're making a guess about a future situation, a future possible situation.
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So, “He could send the files before the meeting,” but we don't know.
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We're making a guess about the future.
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You can use “could” to express that as well.
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So, those are a few different points about how to use the word “could.”
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We can use it as the past tense of “can.”
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We can use it to make suggestions and to give advice.
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We can use it to talk about a status, a possibility around a status.
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And, we can use it to talk about the past situations, past possible situations.
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And, finally, to make guesses about future possible situations too.
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So, this is a lot of information and it's very quick but I hope that it was useful for
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you.
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