NOUNS - Basic English Grammar - What is a NOUN? - Types of Nouns - Examples of Nouns - Common/Proper

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2016-09-20 ใƒป Learn English Lab


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NOUNS - Basic English Grammar - What is a NOUN? - Types of Nouns - Examples of Nouns - Common/Proper

1,619,590 views ใƒป 2016-09-20

Learn English Lab


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ็ฟป่จณใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅญ—ๅน•ใฏๆฉŸๆขฐ็ฟป่จณใงใ™ใ€‚

00:02
Hi there and welcome back to our series of lessons on the parts of speech
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ใ“ใ‚“ใซใกใฏใ€‚ๅ“่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ไธ€้€ฃใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใธใ‚ˆใ†ใ“ใใ€‚
00:07
My name is Ganesh and this lesson is all about nouns. In this lesson we will
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็งใฎๅๅ‰ใฏใ‚ฌใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ ใ™ในใฆๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใฏใ€่‹ฑ่ชžใซใ‚ใ‚‹
00:13
learn about the different kinds of nouns there are in English and we will also
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ใ•ใพใ–ใพใช็จฎ้กžใฎๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆๅญฆใณใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹
00:18
look at some rules to keep in mind when using them. We will first talk about
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้š›ใซ็•™ๆ„ใ™ในใใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใซใคใ„ใฆใ‚‚่ฆ‹ ใฆใ„ใใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใซ
00:23
concrete and abstract nouns, then we'll look at common and proper nouns
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ๅ…ทไฝ“ๅ่ฉžใจๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใ€ๆฌกใซ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใช้ ˜ๅŸŸ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌๅ่ฉžใจๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Ž
00:29
which are a very important area. Then we'll discuss the very interesting
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ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซ ใ€้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—
00:33
collective nouns and finally we'll turn to the most important topic relating to
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ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ ใ€ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใชใƒˆใƒ”ใƒƒใ‚ฏ
00:39
nouns, and that is countable and uncountable nouns. Before we start just
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ใ€ใคใพใ‚Šๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจ ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซ
00:44
remember - for any questions let me know in the comments section below and I'll
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่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚่ณชๅ•ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ใฏใ€ไธ‹ใฎใ‚ณใƒกใƒณใƒˆใ‚ปใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใงใŠ็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใ›ใใ ใ•ใ„
00:49
talk to you there.
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ใ€‚ใใ“ใงใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใ—ใพใ™.
00:50
OK so first of all what is a noun? I'm sure you know the answer to this -
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ใงใฏใพใšๅ่ฉžใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹๏ผŸ ใ“ใ‚Œใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ญ”ใˆใฏใ”ๅญ˜็Ÿฅใ ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:56
A noun is just the name of a person, place, animal, thing, feeling or idea. For
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ใ€‚ๅ่ฉžใจใฏใ€ไบบใ€ ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€็‰ฉใ€ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ€ใพใŸใฏ่€ƒใˆใฎๅๅ‰ใซใ™ใŽใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
01:03
example in this sentence "Graham likes to go to the zoo and see the animals." Here
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒใƒ  ใฏๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ใซ่กŒใฃใฆๅ‹•็‰ฉใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใฎใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ“
01:09
there are three nouns - can you identify all of them? The nouns are Graham - a
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ใซ 3 ใคใฎๅ่ฉžใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ™ในใฆใ‚’่ญ˜ๅˆฅใงใใพใ™ใ‹? ๅ่ฉžใฏใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒใƒ  -
01:16
person, zoo - a place and animals. Nouns can also be things like watch, T-shirt etc.
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ไบบใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉๅœ’ - ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ่ฉžใฏ ใ€ๆ™‚่จˆใ€T ใ‚ทใƒฃใƒ„ใชใฉใฎๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
01:26
And all of these - people, places, animals and things are physical - that means we
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆใ€ไบบใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€ๅ‹•็‰ฉ ใ€็‰ฉใชใฉใ€็‰ฉ็†็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใก
01:35
can see them and we can touch them. So they are called concrete nouns - that
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€่งฆใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅ…ท่ฑกๅ่ฉžใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
01:41
means they have a real physical existence. So what are abstract nouns?
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ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใฎ็‰ฉ็†็š„ๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ† ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ ใงใฏใ€ๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใจใฏ๏ผŸ
01:48
Abstract nouns are nouns that don't have physical existence. That means we
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ๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใฏใ€ ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใชๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚’ๆŒใŸใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใŸใก
01:55
cannot touch them or see them, and these are ideas and feelings. Now in this
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ใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซ่งฆใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Š่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏใงใใšใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฏใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ•ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎ
02:00
sentence
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ๆ–‡ใงใฏ
02:01
"Honesty is the best policy." It's a very popular proverb in English
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ใ€Œๆญฃ็›ดใฏๆœ€ๅ–„ใฎ็ญ–ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œ ใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžใง้žๅธธใซไบบๆฐ—ใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚ใ–
02:06
Have you heard of that? In that sentence
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ใงใ™ ่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹? ใใฎๆ–‡ใงใฏใ€
02:10
honesty and policy are both nouns but they are abstract nouns. And this next
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่ช ๅฎŸใ•ใจใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒผใฏใฉใกใ‚‰ใ‚‚ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ ใŒใ€ๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใฎๆฌกใฎ
02:18
example
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ไพ‹
02:19
"Love is a powerful emotion." Love is the name of a feeling like anger, happiness
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ใ€Œๆ„›ใฏๅผทๅŠ›ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๆ„›ใจใฏใ€ ๆ€’ใ‚Šใ€ๅนธ็ฆใ€ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใชใฉใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎๅๅ‰ใงใ™
02:25
or sorrow. And love is a noun. Emotion is also a noun.
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ„›ใฏๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ… ใ‚‚ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
02:31
OK let's now talk about common and proper nouns.
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ใงใฏใ€ๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใจๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
02:37
Do you know what common and proper nouns are? A common noun is a general noun and a
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ๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใจๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใฃใฆ็Ÿฅใฃ ๏ผŸ ๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใฏไธ€่ˆฌๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€
02:44
proper noun is the name given to a specific individual. For example in this
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ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใฏ ็‰นๅฎšใฎๅ€‹ไบบใซไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ“ใฎ
02:50
chart all the nouns on the left are common nouns and all the nouns on the
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ๅ›ณใงใฏใ€ๅทฆๅด ใฎๅ่ฉžใฏใ™ในใฆๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใงใ€ๅณๅดใฎๅ่ฉžใฏ
02:55
right are proper nouns. For example man is a common noun because it can mean any man
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ใ™ในใฆๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€man ใฏๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ใชใœใชใ‚‰ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚†ใ‚‹ไบบใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
03:03
but Ganesh is the name of one man - one individual, which in this case is me of
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ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€Ganesh ใฏ 1 ไบบใฎ็”ทใฎๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็งใงใ™
03:10
course.
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ใ€‚
03:11
So Ganesh is a proper noun. Woman, in the same way, is a common noun - it could be any
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ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ฌใƒใƒผใ‚ทใƒฃใฏๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ๅฅณๆ€งใฏๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ใฉใ‚“ใชๅฅณๆ€งใงใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“
03:17
woman but Allison is the name of an individual, so a proper noun. In the next
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ใŒใ€ใ‚ขใƒชใ‚ฝใƒณใฏ ๅ€‹ไบบใฎๅๅ‰ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใฎ
03:23
two, city and country are common nouns but Hamburg and China are the names of one
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2 ใคใฎ้ƒฝๅธ‚ใจๅ›ฝใฏๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใŒใ€ ใƒใƒณใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฐใจไธญๅ›ฝใฏ 1 ใคใฎ
03:30
city and one country, so proper nouns.
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้ƒฝๅธ‚ใจ 1 ใคใฎๅ›ฝใฎๅๅ‰ใชใฎใงใ€ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
03:34
OK now let me ask you a question at this point - do you notice something about the
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ใงใฏใ€ใ“ใ“ใง่ณชๅ•ใ•ใ›ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉž ใซใคใ„ใฆไฝ•ใ‹ๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸ
03:40
proper nouns? You should be noticing that they're all written with a capital first
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ใ‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏใ™ในใฆๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
03:47
letter. And that is actually a rule in English - proper nouns are always written
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ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใใ‚ŒใฏๅฎŸ้š›ใซ่‹ฑ่ชžใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใงใ™ - ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใฏๅธธใซ
03:53
with a capital first letter. With university, for example, when we talk
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใใพใ™. ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
03:59
about universities in general we use it as a common noun so the whole word is
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ๅคงๅญฆใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใซๅคงๅญฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใจใใฏ ๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅ˜่ชžๅ…จไฝ“
04:05
written in lower case - that means in small letters. But when we're talking
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ใŒๅฐๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ๅฐๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ใ‚ทใ‚ซใ‚ด
04:10
about a specific university like the University of Chicago, notice that both
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ๅคงๅญฆใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็‰นๅฎšใฎๅคงๅญฆใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใใฏ
04:14
the 'U' in University and the 'C' in Chicago are capitals.
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ใ€University ใฎใ€ŒUใ€ใจใ‚ทใ‚ซใ‚ดใฎใ€ŒCใ€ใฎ ไธกๆ–นใŒๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ็‰นๅฎš
04:19
That's because it's
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ใฎๅคงๅญฆ
04:20
a proper noun that refers to one specific university. OK there are more
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ใ‚’ๆŒ‡ใ™ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใงใ™ใ€‚ ็”ป้ขใซใฏใ•ใ‚‰ใซ
04:26
examples on the screen but I want you to focus on the last two - day and month. With
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ไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒ ใ€ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎ 2 ๆ—ฅใจ 1 ใ‹ๆœˆใซๆณจ็›ฎใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
04:35
the days of the week - Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
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ๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ ็ซๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ๆฐดๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€ๆœจๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅใ€
04:38
Saturday, we always write them with the first letter capitalized because they
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ๅœŸๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎๆ›œๆ—ฅใฏใ€ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉž ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๅธธใซๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใ—ใฆ
04:45
are proper nouns. And it's the same thing for months as well. From January to
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่กจ่จ˜ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใใ‚Œ ใฏไฝ•ใƒถๆœˆใ‚‚ๅŒใ˜ใงใ™ใ€‚ 1 ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰
04:50
December all months are written with a capital first letter, so please don't
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12 ๆœˆใพใงใฏๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒใ™ในใฆๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใงๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใฎใงใ€
04:56
forget this rule - proper nouns are always capitalized or always written with the
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ใ“ใฎ่ฆๅ‰‡ใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ - ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใฏๅธธใซ ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ๅธธใซ
05:02
first letter capitalized.
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ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’ๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใ—ใฆๆ›ธใใพใ™ใ€‚
05:04
OK let's now turn to the really interesting collective nouns. Collective
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OK ใงใฏใ€้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚
05:11
means something like collection and a collective noun is the name given to a
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ใ‚ณใƒฌใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–ใจใฏใ‚ณใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใ€ ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใฏ
05:17
group of people - animals, places or things. I say that these are interesting because
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ๅ‹•็‰ฉใ€ๅ ดๆ‰€ใ€็‰ฉใชใฉใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใซไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅๅ‰ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่‹ฑ่ชž
05:24
there are a lot of collective nouns in English and they can be very interesting
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ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚‰
05:28
to learn.
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ใ‚’ๅญฆใถใฎใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใฎใงใ€็งใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™.
05:29
Let's look at some common examples - a group of players is called a team. Team
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† - ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒคใƒผใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฏใƒใƒผใƒ ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒใƒผใƒ 
05:37
is a collective noun and it means a group of players, or it could even mean a group of
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ใฏ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒคใƒผใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€ไผš็คพใฎๅŠดๅƒ่€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Š
05:43
workers in a company. Actually there's another word for a group of workers or
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๅฎŸใฏ ใ€ๅŠดๅƒ่€…ใพใŸใฏๅพ“ๆฅญๅ“กใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’่กจใ™ๅˆฅใฎๅ˜่ชž
05:51
employees - can you guess that word? That word is staff. In the same way on the
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ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใงใใพใ™ใ‹? ใใฎ ่จ€่‘‰ใฏใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒƒใƒ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€
05:58
screen I have some more examples but I want you to guess the collective nouns
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็”ป้ขใซใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใŒใ‚ใ‚Š ใพใ™ใŒใ€
06:03
before I show them to you.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’่กจ็คบใ™ใ‚‹ๅ‰ใซใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๆŽจๆธฌใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
06:05
What do we call a group of students? A group of students is a class.
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ‹? ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใŒใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใงใ™ใ€‚
06:12
What about
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06:14
a group of criminals? A gang A group of soldiers is an army.
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็Šฏ็ฝช่€…้›†ๅ›ฃใจใฏ๏ผŸ ใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒณใ‚ฐ ๅ…ตๅฃซใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ— ใฏ่ป้šŠใงใ™ใ€‚
06:21
What about a group of onlookers? Onlookers means - let's say there has been
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ๅ‚่ฆณ่€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๅ‚่ฆณ่€…ใจใฏใ€ไพ‹ใˆใฐ้“่ทฏใงไบ‹ๆ•…ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
06:26
an accident on the road - like there's been a car crash. Onlookers are the
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ใ€‚่‡ชๅ‹•่ปŠไบ‹ๆ•…ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅ‚่ฆณ
06:32
people that stand around the scene and they want to see what's happening.
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่€…ใจใฏใ€็พๅ ดใฎๅ‘จใ‚Šใซ็ซ‹ใกใ€ ไฝ•ใŒ่ตทใ“ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ไบบใ€…ใงใ™ใ€‚
06:38
So what do you you call a group of onlookers? We call them a crowd.
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ใงใฏ ใ€่ฆ‹็‰ฉไบบใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—ใ‚’ไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ‹? ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็พค่ก†ใจๅ‘ผใณใพใ™ใ€‚
06:44
Did you get that one? There are also collective nouns for animals. For example
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ ๅ‹•็‰ฉใฎ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐ
06:50
a group of wolves is called a pack. And wolves are very dangerous when they're
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ใ€ใ‚ชใ‚ชใ‚ซใƒŸใฎ็พคใ‚Œใฏใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฏใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ‚ชใ‚ชใ‚ซใƒŸใฏ็พคใ‚Œใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจ้žๅธธใซๅฑ้™บใงใ™
06:56
in a pack. A group of bees is called a swarm. If you ever see a swarm of bees
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ใ€‚ ใƒŸใƒ„ใƒใƒใฎ็พคใ‚Œใ‚’็พคใ‚Œใจๅ‘ผใณ ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใƒŸใƒ„ใƒใƒใฎ็พคใ‚ŒใŒ
07:06
coming towards you please run because they can sting really hard and it hurts
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่ฟ‘ใฅใ„ใฆใใ‚‹ใฎใ‚’่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚‰ใ€่ตฐใฃใฆ้€ƒใ’ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใจใฆใ‚‚ๆฟ€ใ—ใๅˆบใ•ใ‚Œใฆ
07:12
very, very bad.
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ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚็—›ใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™ใ€‚
07:13
Alright there are also collective nouns for things - like if I have five or
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ใใ†ใงใ™ใญใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ๆ‰‹ใซ 5 ใคใพใŸใฏ 6 ใคใฎ้ตใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’
07:20
six keys in my hand
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07:22
do you know what we call that? We call it a bunch of keys.
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ไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใถใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ็งใŸใกใฏใใ‚Œใ‚’้ตใฎๆŸใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใงใ„ ใพใ™ใ€‚
07:26
What about two shoes? A pair. And when there are stairs that you have to take
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ไบŒ่ถณใฎ้ดใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ใƒšใ‚ขใ€‚
07:34
from one floor of a building to the next floor
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ๅปบ็‰ฉใฎ 1 ใคใฎใƒ•ใƒญใ‚ขใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎ ใƒ•ใƒญใ‚ขใซ็งปๅ‹•
07:37
do you know what we call that? It's called a flight of stairs. OK so like I
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ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„้šŽๆฎตใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ไฝ•ใจๅ‘ผใถใ‹็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹? ใ ใฏ้šŽๆฎตใฎ้ฃ›่กŒใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ OKใ€็งใŒ่จ€ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใซ
07:43
said these can be really interesting but there's one problem - collective nouns can
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ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ้žๅธธใซ่ˆˆๅ‘ณๆทฑใ„ใ‚‚ใฎ ใซใชใ‚‹ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใŒใ€ๅ•้กŒใŒ 1 ใค
07:49
be difficult because there are so many of them. So what can you do?
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
07:55
Well there are two things that you can do - first
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ใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ 2 ใคใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใš
07:59
you can learn the most common collective nouns. The examples that I just showed
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ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๅ…ˆใปใฉใŠ่ฆ‹ใ›ใ—ใŸไพ‹
08:04
you are some very common collective nouns.
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ใฏใ€้žๅธธใซไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้›†ๅˆ ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
08:08
So if you learn the most common ones then you can use them fluently in
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ใใฎใŸใ‚ใ€ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๅญฆ็ฟ’ ใ™ใ‚Œใฐใ€ไผš่ฉฑใงๆตๆšขใซไฝฟ็”จใงใ
08:14
conversation but sometimes you might be in a situation where you want to use a
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ใพใ™ใŒ ใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใ„ใฎใซใ€
08:21
collective noun but you don't know it or you cannot remember it.
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ ่ฆšใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„็Šถๆณใซ้™ฅใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚
08:24
Like, let's say you want to say a gang of criminals but you cannot remember that
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ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใฎใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒณใ‚ฐใจ่จ€ใ„ใŸใ„ใฎ ใงใ™ใŒใ€ใใฎๅ˜่ชžใŒๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ›ใชใ„ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
08:30
word - gang.
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-ใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒณใ‚ฐใ€‚
08:31
So what can you do? You can just use a word like group - a group of criminals - and
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ใใ‚Œใงใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏไฝ•ใŒใงใใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ group (็Šฏ็ฝช่€…ใฎใ‚ฐใƒซใƒผใƒ—) ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ˜่ชžใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ใง
08:38
your meaning will be clear. Or you can say a bunch of things - the word bunch is
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ใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ ใ€ๆŸใฎใ“ใจใ‚’่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใพใ™-ๆŸใจใ„ใ†่จ€่‘‰ใฏ
08:43
a common collective noun - like a bunch of bananas, for example. So these kinds of
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ใ€ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใงใ™-ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใƒใƒŠใƒŠใฎๆŸใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ ใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็จฎ้กžใฎ
08:51
expressions - common collective nouns and even quantity expressions like a lot of,
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่กจ็พ - ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚„ ใ€ๅคšใใฎใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใชใฉใฎ้‡ใฎ่กจ็พใงใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚Š
08:55
some etc. If you use them your meaning will be clear. But one reason to learn
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ๆ„ๅ‘ณ ใŒๆ˜Ž็ขบใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆใถ็†็”ฑใฎ 1 ใค
09:03
collective nouns is that if you use the correct collective noun in a situation
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ใฏใ€็Šถๆณใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆๆญฃใ—ใ„้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉž
09:07
it will make your speech sound stylish, so try to learn as many as you can.
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ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒใŒใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใซ ใชใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
09:13
Alright let's now move on and talk about the most important area relating to
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ใงใฏ ใ€ๆฌกใซ้€ฒใฟใ€ๅ่ฉžใซ้–ข้€ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ€ใ‚‚้‡่ฆใช้ ˜ๅŸŸใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
09:20
nouns and that is countable and uncountable nouns. That's why I've underlined them
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ— ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
09:24
in red because they're so important.
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้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใชใฎใงใ€่ตคใงไธ‹็ทšใ‚’ๅผ•ใ„ใŸใฎใฏใใฎใŸใ‚ใงใ™ใ€‚
09:27
Do you know the meaning of countable nouns? A countable noun is a noun that can be
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’็Ÿฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใฏ
09:33
counted and an uncountable noun cannot be counted. Some common countable nouns are are
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใงใ€ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉž ใงใ™ใ€‚ ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใชๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใซใฏใ€
09:40
book, pen, man, spoon, building, elephant etc. With all of these we can use numbers
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ๆœฌใ€ใƒšใƒณใ€ไบบใ€ใ‚นใƒ—ใƒผใƒณใ€ๅปบ็‰ฉใ€่ฑก ใชใฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ™ในใฆใซใคใ„ใฆใ€ๆ•ฐๅญ—
09:50
or plurals to talk about them. We can say two books, five pens, three buildings
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ใพใŸใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ 2 ๆœฌใฎๆœฌใ€5 ใคใฎใƒšใƒณใ€3 ใคใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใชใฉใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚1
09:56
etc. If there's only one, we can use a or an - I have a book, there's an elephant
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ใคใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€a ใพใŸใฏ an ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ ใ€‚I have a book, there's an elephant
10:03
standing over there etc. But uncountable nouns are nouns like water, coffee, air,
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standing over there ใชใฉใงใ™ใ€‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ไธๅฏ็ฎ— ๅ่ฉžใฏใ€ๆฐดใ€ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ€็ฉบๆฐ—ใชใฉใฎๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚
10:11
salt, sugar, love, advice and so on.
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ๅกฉใ€็ ‚็ณ–ใ€ๆ„›ใ€ใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใชใฉใ€‚
10:15
And just by seeing them you should be able to say there's no way to count them
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ใใ—ใฆ
10:21
because water and coffee are liquids. Air is a gas. Salt and sugar are so small
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ใ€ๆฐดใ‚„ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏๆถฒไฝ“ใชใฎใงๆ•ฐใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใˆใ‚‹ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ฉบๆฐ— ใฏๆฐ—ไฝ“ใงใ™ใ€‚ ๅกฉใจ็ ‚็ณ–ใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๅฐใ•ใ„
10:29
that if you try to count the individual particles that would be an extremely
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ใฎใงใ€ๅ€‹ใ€…ใฎ ็ฒ’ๅญใ‚’ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใจ้žๅธธใซ
10:34
difficult task. And love and advice are abstract nouns because they're feelings
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ๅ›ฐ้›ฃใชไฝœๆฅญใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™. ใใ—ใฆใ€ๆ„›ใจใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใฏ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใจใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใงใ™
10:41
and ideas. Most abstract nouns are uncountable. So with uncountable nouns we
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ใ€‚ ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใฎๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใฏ ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใฏ
10:50
cannot use plurals and we cannot use a and an - that is very important. But we
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่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฝขใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใšใ€a ใจ - ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€
10:57
can use units to talk about quantity. For example we can say a glass of water or
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ๅ˜ไฝใ‚’ไฝฟใฃใฆ้‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€ใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—ไธ€ๆฏใฎๆฐดใพใŸใฏใ‚ณใƒƒใƒ—
11:05
two glasses of water, six tablespoons of sugar or a cup of coffee,
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2 ๆฏใฎๆฐดใ€ ๅคงใ•ใ˜ 6 ๆฏใฎ็ ‚็ณ–ใพใŸใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผ 1 ๆฏใ€
11:11
5 cups of coffee and so on. Or we can use units of volume or weight like pounds,
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผ 5 ๆฏใชใฉใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏ ใ€ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใ€ใ‚ญใƒญใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ ใ€ใ‚ชใƒณใ‚นใ€ใƒชใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใชใฉใฎไฝ“็ฉใพใŸใฏ้‡้‡ใฎๅ˜ไฝใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™
11:19
kilograms, ounces and liters. This is how we talk about the quantity of
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ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ใ€
11:24
uncountable nouns. To ask questions we use the expression "How many...?" with
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฎ้‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ๆ–นๆณ•ใงใ™ใ€‚ ่ณชๅ•ใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใใฏใ€ใ€Œใ„ใใค...?ใ€ใจใ„ใ†่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚
11:31
countable nouns like "How many computers do you have in your office?" And with
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ใ€Œ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใฏไฝ•ๅฐใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹?ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€
11:36
uncountable nouns we use "How much...?" "How much water is there in the bottle?" or "How
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใฏใ€ใ€ŒHow much...?ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ใƒœใƒˆใƒซใซใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ๆฐดใŒๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
11:43
much sugar is there in the jar?" Now with any of these questions if you know the
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็“ถใซใฏใฉใ‚Œใใ‚‰ใ„ใฎ็ ‚็ณ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‹๏ผŸใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ณชๅ•ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€ๆญฃ็ขบใช็ญ”ใˆใŒใ‚ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ
11:48
exact answer you can give it - you can say "There are 20 computers in my office."
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ใฏใ€ใ€Œ็งใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใฏ 20 ๅฐใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€ใจ็ญ”ใˆใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
11:53
"There's half a liter of water." "There's four pounds of sugar in the jar." But what
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ใ€ŒๆฐดใŒๅŠใƒชใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ€Œ็“ถใฎไธญใซ4 ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใฎ็ ‚็ณ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใ—ใ‹ใ—
11:59
about if you don't know the exact number or quantity? In that case you can use
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ใ€ๆญฃ็ขบใชๆ•ฐใ‚„้‡ใŒใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๅ ดๅˆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ‹? ใใฎๅ ดๅˆ
12:06
quantity expressions with countable nouns - we use a 'few' to mean a small
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ใ€ๅฏ็ฎ— ๅ่ฉžใงๆ•ฐ้‡่กจ็พใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€Œๅฐ‘ๆ•ฐใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ€ๅฐ‘ๆ•ฐใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—
12:12
number. I can say "Oh there are only a few computers in my office."
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ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ็งใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใฏใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๆ•ฐๅฐใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚
12:18
I don't know the exact number but it's a small number. Or I can say "There's only a
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ๆญฃ็ขบใชๆ•ฐใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒใ€ ๅฐ‘ๆ•ฐใงใ™ใ€‚ ใพใŸใฏใ€ใ€Œ็“ถใฎไธญใซๆฐดใŒๅฐ‘ใ—ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™
12:25
little water in the jar." So with uncountable
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ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€ไธๅฏ็ฎ—
12:28
nouns we use 'a little' - this is very important. And what about to talk
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ๅ่ฉžใงใฏใ€Œa littleใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้žๅธธใซ้‡่ฆใงใ™ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ
12:35
about a big number or a big quantity? Can you tell me what we use with countable
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ใ€ๅคงใใชๆ•ฐใ‚„ๅคงใใช้‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ™ใฎใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹? ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใงไฝ•ใ‚’ไฝฟใ†ใ‹ๆ•™ใˆใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใพใ™
12:41
nouns? We use 'many' or 'a lot of'. "There are many computers in my office." Or "There are
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ใ‹? ใ€Œๅคšใใ€ใพใŸใฏใ€ŒใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œ ็งใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ใพใŸใฏใ€Œ
12:48
a lot of computers in my office." With uncountable nouns we can use 'much' but
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็งใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ใ€ ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€'much' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใŒ
12:54
that's less common.
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ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Šไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚
12:56
It's more common once again to use 'a lot of' like "There is a lot of coffee in the
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ใ€Œใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใซใฏใŸใใ•ใ‚“ใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
13:03
cup." So notice that 'a lot' can be used both with countable and uncountable
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ใพใ™. ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€'a lot' ใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎไธกๆ–นใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซๆณจๆ„ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
13:09
nouns. In the same way the word 'some' can also be used with both types. For example
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ใ€‚ ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€'some' ใจใ„ใ†ๅ˜่ชž ใ‚‚ไธกๆ–นใฎใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใงไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ ใŸใจใˆใฐใ€
13:16
"Some computers in my office
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ใ€Œ็งใฎใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใฎไธ€้ƒจใฎใ‚ณใƒณใƒ”ใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใŒๅ‹•ไฝœใ—
13:19
don't work." That's some number but I don't want to say the number or I don't know
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ใ€ ใใ‚Œใฏใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ•ฐๅญ—ใงใ™ใŒใ€็งใฏ ใใฎๆ•ฐใ‚’่จ€ใ„ใŸใใชใ„ใ€ใพใŸใฏ
13:24
the number. In the same way we can say "There's some tea left in the glass" - some
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ๆ•ฐใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ ๅŒใ˜ใ‚ˆใ† ใซใ€ใ€Œใ‚ฐใƒฉใ‚นใซใŠ่ŒถใŒๆฎ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€ใจ่จ€ใ†ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:32
tea is some quantity but I don't know the quantity. So with both countable and
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ใŠ่Œถใฏ้‡ใงใ™ใŒใ€้‡ใฏใ‚ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆใ€
13:38
uncountable nouns we can use 'a lot of' and 'some.'
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ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใฎไธกๆ–นใงใ€'a lot of' ใจ 'some' ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใพใ™ใ€‚
13:41
OK now I want to tell you about an area where a lot of students make mistakes, so
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ใงใฏ ใ€ๅคšใใฎๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ™้ ˜ๅŸŸใซใคใ„ใฆใŠ่ฉฑใ—ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใฎใง
13:49
pay close attention. And this is when we want to make comparisons. We're going to
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ใ€็ดฐๅฟƒใฎๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๆ‰•ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆฏ”่ผƒใ‚’ ใ—ใŸใ„ใจใใงใ™ใ€‚
13:55
take a couple of examples - let's say that in my neighborhood, that is in the place
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎไพ‹ใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚ŠไธŠใ’ใพใ™ใ€‚ใŸใจใˆใฐ
14:03
where I live, there are five buildings. In your neighborhood
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ใ€็งใฎไฝใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใซ 5 ใคใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฟ‘ๆ‰€
14:09
there are 10 buildings. So we can say that there are more buildings in your
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ใซใฏ10ๆฃŸใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ—ใŸใŒใฃใฆ ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใซใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคšใใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใˆใพใ™
14:16
neighborhood.
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ใ€‚
14:17
OK just keep that in mind. And let's take another example - this time
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OKใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’่ฆšใˆใฆใŠใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ ใใ—ใฆ ๅˆฅใฎไพ‹ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† - ไปŠๅ›žใฏ
14:23
uncountable nouns. I drink two cups of coffee a day but you drink four cups of
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ๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใงใ™ใ€‚ ็ง ใฏ 1 ๆ—ฅ 2 ๆฏใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใŒใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฏ 1 ๆ—ฅ 4 ๆฏใฎ
14:30
coffee a day, so you drink more coffee.
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ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใ‚€ใฎใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅคšใใฎใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’้ฃฒใฟใพใ™ใ€‚
14:35
OK so far so good. But what about the opposite? We
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ใ“ใ“ใพใงใฏOKใ€‚ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใ€ ๅๅฏพใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ ็ง
14:40
say that I drink less coffee. Alright back to our first example, we said there
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ใฏใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใ‚’ใ‚ใพใ‚Š้ฃฒใพใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅˆใฎไพ‹ใซๆˆปใฃใฆใ€
14:48
are more buildings your neighborhood. That means in my neighborhood there are
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ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใซใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจๅคšใใฎๅปบ็‰ฉใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใคใพใ‚Šใ€็งใฎ่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใงใฏ
14:54
fewer buildings.
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ๅปบ็‰ฉใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚
14:57
This is where a lot of people go wrong - people say there are less buildings in
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏๅคšใใฎไบบใŒ้–“้•ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ™ - ไบบใ€…ใฏ็งใฎ่ฟ‘ๆ‰€ใซใฏๅปบ็‰ฉใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจ่จ€ใ„
15:02
my neighborhood. That is grammatically incorrect because with countable nouns
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ใพใ™. ใ“ใ‚Œใฏๆ–‡ๆณ•็š„ใซ ๆญฃใ—ใใ‚ใ‚Š
15:07
you cannot use less, you have to use fewer to compare.
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ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใฏ less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใงใใชใ„ใŸใ‚ใ€ๆฏ”่ผƒใ™ใ‚‹ใซใฏ less ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚
15:12
OK so remember these rules and remember not to make the common mistakes that we
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใ‚’่ฆšใˆ ใฆใ€ใ“ใ“ใง่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‚‹้–“้•ใ„ใ‚’็Šฏใ•ใชใ„
15:17
discussed here.
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ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:19
Alright let's do a quick recap of what we've learned today. We started with
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ใ•ใฆใ€ไปŠๆ—ฅๅญฆใ‚“ใ ใ“ใจใ‚’็ฐกๅ˜ใซ่ฆ็ด„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† ใ€‚ ๅ…ทไฝ“ๅ่ฉžใจๆŠฝ่ฑกๅ่ฉžใ‹ใ‚‰ๅง‹ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸ
15:23
concrete and abstract nouns. Remember that concrete nouns have a physical
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ใ€‚ ๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ใชๅ่ฉžใฏ็‰ฉ็†็š„ใช
15:28
existence and abstract nouns are ideas and feelings which we cannot touch or
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ๅญ˜ๅœจใ‚’ๆŒใกใ€ๆŠฝ่ฑก็š„ใชๅ่ฉžใฏ ็งใŸใกใŒ่งฆใ‚ŒใŸใ‚Š่ฆ‹ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใชใ„ใ‚ขใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ขใ‚„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใง
15:34
see. Then we spoke about common and proper nouns - what is the important rule
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ใใ ใ•ใ„. ๆฌกใซใ€ๆ™ฎ้€šๅ่ฉžใจๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใซใคใ„ใฆ่ฉฑใ—ใพใ—ใŸใŒใ€ ๅ›บๆœ‰ๅ่ฉžใฎ้‡่ฆใชใƒซใƒผใƒซใฏไฝ•
15:39
with proper nouns? You always capitalize the first letter. Then we turned to
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ใงใ™ใ‹? ๆœ€ๅˆใฎๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏๅธธใซๅคงๆ–‡ๅญ—ใซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€
15:45
collective nouns. Remember to learn as many collective nouns as you can because
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้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใซ็›ฎใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘ๅคšใใฎ้›†ๅˆๅ่ฉžใ‚’ๅญฆใถใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚
15:50
that will help you to speak with more style. And finally we looked at countable
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ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ€ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒชใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใซ่ฉฑใ™ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ€‚ ๆœ€ๅพŒใซ
15:55
and uncountable nouns - we discussed a number of rules. Remember the most common
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ๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใจไธๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ€ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎใƒซใƒผใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ—ใพใ—ใŸ ใ€‚ ๆœ€ใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช
16:00
mistake is using 'less' with countable nouns - it's wrong.
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้–“้•ใ„ใฏๅฏ็ฎ—ๅ่ฉžใงใ€Œlessใ€ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ้–“้•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚
16:05
'Less' is used with uncountable nouns. 'Fewer' is used with countable nouns.
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ใ€ŒLessใ€ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ๅ่ฉžใจไธ€็ท’ใซไฝฟใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ ใ€Œๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใ€ใฏๆ•ฐใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ่ฉžใงไฝฟใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚
16:11
Alright so that brings us to the end of this lesson. I hope you enjoyed it.
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ใ“ใ‚Œใงใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใฏ็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ ใ€‚ ๆฅฝใ—ใ‚“ใงใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚
16:15
Remember to subscribe to this channel and I will see you in the next lesson.
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ใ“ใฎใƒใƒฃใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚’่ณผ่ชญใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๅฟ˜ใ‚Œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ ใ€‚ๆฌกใฎใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใงใŠไผšใ„ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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