Learn Advanced Ways To Use THERE IS/ARE

7,073 views ใƒป 2023-06-30

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:08
Hi everyone. I'm Jennifer from English withย  Jennifer. There's a saying that goes like this:ย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์ €๋Š” Jennifer์™€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์˜จ Jennifer์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
If you can't beat them, join them. Usually inย  the flow of conversation, "them" is reduced,ย ย 
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์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ผ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ '๊ทธ๋“ค'์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
so it sounds like this: If you can'tย  beat 'em, join 'em. It basically meansย ย 
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:29
that it's okay to join the majority when youย  realize you can't win a fight against them.ย ย 
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๋‹น์‹  ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Well, that may not be the best advice toย  follow in every situation in life because weย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•  ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
need people with the courage to go against theย  norm sometimes, right? That's how we innovate,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
but the saying reminds me of what we oftenย  do with grammar. Sometimes a textbook orย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋‚˜
00:56
a dictionary will tell us to say things one way,ย  but we know that many people say it differently inย ย 
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์‚ฌ์ „์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:03
everyday English. That's the difference betweenย  prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar.ย ย 
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. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
I generally recommend standard grammarย  because that's what's accepted in theย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ด
01:16
majority of situations. But it's completelyย  reasonable to pay attention to the patternsย ย 
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด
01:23
you hear around you and use them -- even ifย  they're different from the so-called rules.ย ย 
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๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
01:29
If you can't beat them, join them. It's okayย  to follow or even embrace descriptive grammar.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์„œ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
In general, I think being flexible andย  being adaptable benefit communication.ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Here's one example where I follow descriptiveย  grammar. The rules tell us that "there is/thereย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทœ์น™์€ "์žˆ๋‹ค/
01:50
are" agrees with the noun that follows.ย  There's a saying about acceptance of defeat.ย ย 
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์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
"Saying" is singular. There are proverbs thatย  inspire us and guide us. "Proverbs" is plural.ย ย 
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"๋งํ•˜๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋‹ด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ž ์–ธ"์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
But in a list of items, American Englishย  speakers tend to focus on the first noun,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ํ™”์ž๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
02:16
so when we use "there is/there are," we makeย  the verb agree with the first noun in that list.ย ย 
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'there is/there are'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜
02:23
There is a poem, a song, andย  a movie with the same title.
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์‹œ, ๋…ธ๋ž˜, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
This pattern is especially commonย  in conversation because we use theย ย 
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์ด ํŒจํ„ด์€
02:35
contraction "there's." There's a poem,ย  a song, and a movie with the same title.ย ย 
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'์žˆ๋‹ค'๋ผ๋Š” ์ถ•์•ฝํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ, ๋…ธ๋ž˜, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
I know there are three items in the list, butย  I'm focusing on the first one: poem. And it'sย ย 
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๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ธ ์‹œ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
02:48
singular, so I choose a singular verb. Thisย  is what most American English speakers do.ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
A similar strategy will guide youย  when you use phrases like these:ย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
a list of poems, a line of shoppers,ย  a crowd of first-year students.
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์‹œ ๋ชฉ๋ก, ์‡ผํ•‘๊ฐ ์ค„, 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
03:13
Focus on the first noun and not theย  noun in the prepositional phrase.ย ย 
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์•„๋‹Œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
03:19
There is a list of poems on her website.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ์‹œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
There is a line of shoppers outside the door.ย ย 
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๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ์‡ผํ•‘๊ฐ ์ค„์ด ๋Š˜์–ด์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
There is a crowd of first-yearย  students in the cafeteria. List,ย ย 
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๊ตฌ๋‚ด์‹๋‹น์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ๋ก,
03:36
line, and crowd are examples of collective nouns.ย  They put people or things together in a group.ย ย 
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ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
The group is singular so one list is singular. Oneย  line is singular. One crowd is singular. Americansย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ค„์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์€
03:57
tend to use singular verbs with collective nouns,ย  but this is where it gets a little tricky. Don'tย ย 
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์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
always assume that "of" + a plural noun meansย  that what comes before that is a collective noun.ย ย 
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ํ•ญ์ƒ 'of' + ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
04:13
Do you remember what quantifiers do? Theyย  answer the questions HOW MUCH? or HOW MANY?ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜?๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด?
04:20
You're probably comfortable using commonย  quantifiers. They're single words.ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŽธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
There are many ways to learn English.
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์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
There is much information for me toย  learn about creating an online store.ย ย 
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
There are a few reasons to stopย  and more reasons to continue.ย ย 
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์ค‘๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ  ์™€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
There is little doubt thatย  everything will work out.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Quantifiers like "many" and "few" are used withย  plural countable nouns, and they take a pluralย ย 
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"many" ๋ฐ "few"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:58
verb. Quantifiers like "much" and "little" areย  used with uncountable nouns, and they take aย ย 
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. "much" ๋ฐ "little"๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ
05:05
singular verb. But quantifiers are not alwaysย  a single word. We can have quantifying phrases,ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
05:13
and they often use the preposition "of."ย  Now look at these sentences. The quantifyingย ย 
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ "of"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”
05:22
expressions are used with uncountableย  nouns, so you'll see singular verbs.ย ย 
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ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Can you identify each quantifyingย  phrase? There is a good deal of interest.
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๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
There is a good amount of money in that account.
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๊ทธ ๊ณ„์ขŒ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
There's quite a bit of work to be done.
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
Remember that some quantifiers can be usedย  with countable or uncountable nouns. Focus onย ย 
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•œ์ •์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:04
the noun after the quantifying expression. Thatย  will help you determine subject-verb agreement.ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋’ค์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
There is plenty of time.ย  There are plenty of towels.ย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ฑด์€ ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
There is more and more demand for the product.ย  There are more and more cars on the road.ย ย 
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์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋กœ์—๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
There is a lot of work to be done.ย  There are a lot of people who can help.ย ย 
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
There is a bunch of stuff here.ย  There are a bunch of papers here.ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Let me read some statements and you canย  identify the quantifying expressions. Okay?ย ย 
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”?
06:50
There are a lot of apps for language learners.
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์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์•ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
There are tons of websites with free resources.
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
There are a number of digitalย  products I want to offer.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
There are a bunch of ideas Iย  can't wait to put into action.
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
There are dozens of videos on that topic.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Now look again at those highlighted phrases.ย  We use them to quantify countable nouns,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
07:43
plural nouns, so we use a plural verb.
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Note that the words "dozen" and "bunch" haveย  two functions. They can be singular nouns,ย ย 
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'dozen'๊ณผ 'bunch'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„
07:57
but we can also use them as quantifiers. There isย  a dozen. One dozen. I'm referring to the group ofย ย 
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์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 12๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Šค. 12๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:07
12 things. A single unit, so I use a singularย  verb. I could say, "There is a big bunch,"ย ย 
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. ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” "ํฐ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
and then I'm referring to that big group,ย  a single unit. Again I use a singular verb,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
08:25
but "dozens of reasons" means all those differentย  reasons. It's like "many," so I use a plural verb.ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ '์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ '๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "many"์™€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
There are dozens of reasons why I did that.ย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And "a bunch of ideas" is like saying "a lot ofย  ideas, many ideas," so again I use a plural verb.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "a bunch of ideas"๋Š” "a lot of ideas, many ideas"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
There are a bunch of ideas Iย  can't wait to put into action.ย ย 
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
The word number is similar becauseย  I can use it as a singular noun:ย ย 
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์ˆซ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
I'm thinking of a number between 1 andย  10. There's a number I have in mind.ย ย 
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1์—์„œ 10 ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
But I can also use "a number of" as aย  quantifier meaning "several" or "many."ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ '์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ' ๋˜๋Š” '๋งŽ์€'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์‚ฌ๋กœ 'a number of'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ 
09:14
There are a number of digital products I wantย  to offer. Does that make sense so far? Good. Weย ย 
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์‹ถ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด ๋˜๋‚˜์š”? ์ข‹์€.
09:23
can also look at the word "variety" and its twoย  uses. The variety in that store is impressive.ย ย 
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๋˜ํ•œ '๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
Or we can use "a variety of things" to talkย  about many different things in a collection.ย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” '๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
The Collins English dictionary offers a tipย  with "variety." They state that "a variety"ย ย 
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Collins ์˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ „์€ '๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์›€๋ง์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ"์ด
09:48
is often but not always considered plural,ย  and "the variety" is considered singular.ย ย 
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…์ข… ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๊ณ  '๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ'์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
A variety of colors are available.ย  There are a variety of colors.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
Let me just add that if someone said,ย  "There's a variety of colors," I thinkย ย 
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ "๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:11
it's still acceptable. It's just a questionย  of what the person is focusing on: the unit,ย ย 
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋‹จ์œ„,
10:16
the group or the differentย  things within that group.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ.
10:22
So, we've talked about subject-verbย  agreement and lists, and we'veย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™” ํ‘œํ˜„์„
10:26
talked about subject-verb agreement withย  quantifiers and quantifying expressions.ย ย 
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
10:33
We need to bring quantifying collectiveย  nouns back into this discussion.ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
I already gave some examples with line,ย  list, and crowd. Those are collective nouns.ย ย 
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์ด๋ฏธ ์„ , ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
Here are more collective nouns that helpย  us quantify things. A herd of elephants.ย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋–ผ.
10:54
A swarm of bees. A host of problems. These nounsย  (herd, swarm, and host) pull things into a group.ย ย 
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๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ ๋–ผ. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ. ์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ (herd, swarm, host)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
These collective nouns also create a bitย  of a challenge with subject-verb agreement.ย ย 
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
Collective nouns may be used with singularย  or plural verbs, but in American English,ย ย 
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์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋Š”
11:20
we tend to consider them singular, so we useย  a singular verb. We say things like this:ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
There is a family sitting at the table.ย  There is a committee handling this matter.ย ย 
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ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
There was a swarm of bees under the tree. Thereย  is a herd of horses running across the field.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•„๋ž˜์— ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ ๋–ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“คํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง ๋–ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
Family ,committee, swarm, and herd all haveย  many things within them, but I'm thinking ofย ย 
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๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ๋–ผ, ๋–ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š”
11:55
them as a single unit. In the last two examples,ย  I'm thinking of the group -- that one group.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
The swarm and not all the bees. The herd andย  not all the horses. So far, I've only shownย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋–ผ. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
12:12
collective noun + "of" + plural noun. But someย  collective nouns are used with uncountable nouns:ย ย 
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์ง‘ํ•ฉ๋ช…์‚ฌ + "of" + ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:20
a pack of wolves or a pack of gum. Do you knowย  how farmers count hay? We can count them as bales.ย ย 
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€. ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
A bale. A bale of hay. Many bales. Many bales ofย  hay. There was a bale of hay in front of the barn.ย ย 
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๋ฒ ์ผ. ๊ฑด์ดˆ ๋”๋ฏธ. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ ์ผ. ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑด์ดˆ ๋”๋ฏธ. ํ—›๊ฐ„ ์•ž์— ๊ฑด์ดˆ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
There were many bales of hay in the fields.ย  What can we have piles of? A pile of laundry,ย ย 
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๋“คํŒ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑด์ดˆ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋นจ๋ž˜๋”๋ฏธ,
12:51
a pile of trash, pile of wood. "Pile" isย  countable, but laundry trash and wood are not.ย ย 
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์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋”๋ฏธ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋”๋ฏธ. 'Pile'์€ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธํƒ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
A word like"pile" allows us to collectย  things into a group, a countable form.ย ย 
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'pile'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
That's what collective nouns do. There'sย  a big pile of laundry that I need to wash.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์„ธํƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํƒ
13:16
There's a big pile of dirty towels that I needย  to wash. If you found the lesson useful so far,ย ย 
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ˆ˜๊ฑด์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:25
please subscribe. How about a quiz to checkย  your understanding? Don't worry if you getย ย 
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๊ตฌ๋… ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
13:32
some items wrong. You can always go back andย  review the points and patterns I covered.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์–ด๋„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์š”์ ๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
I know we covered a lot so take the time toย  review and practice. Use the patterns. Lookย ย 
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค˜์œผ๋‹ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”
15:39
for them. Listen for them. Pay attentionย  to how people use nouns and noun phrasesย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ผ. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
15:46
with singular or plural verbs. That's all forย  now. Please like and share the video if youย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์„ธ์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”
15:53
found the lesson useful. A special thank youย  to all my YouTube members and all my patronsย ย 
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. ๋ชจ๋“  YouTube ํšŒ์›๊ณผ Patreon์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ›„์›์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:59
on Patreon. As always, thank you, everyone,ย  for watching and I wish you happy studies!ย ย 
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. ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๋˜์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
16:07
Follow me on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter,ย ย 
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Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, ๋ฐ Patreon์—์„œ ์ €๋ฅผ ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”
16:10
and Patreon. And don't forget to subscribeย  here on YouTube. Turn on those notifications.
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. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ YouTube์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ํ•ด๋‹น ์•Œ๋ฆผ์„ ์ผญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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