How to understand and enjoy English poetry

9,182 views ・ 2024-05-17

Benjamin’s English


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Hello, and welcome back to today's installment  of English video, brought to you by me, Benjamin  
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from engVid. In today's lesson, we are going to be looking  
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at how to analyze a poem, how to start to understand a poem.  
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This isn't teaching you exam technique. I'm not telling you how to answer a question.  
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I'm just looking at how to start to approach  a poem to get to know it a bit better.  
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"And why would I want to do that?",  I hear you asking yourself.  
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Well, I'd say that a lot can  be gained from reading poetry.  
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I think in today's age where we reach for our  mobile handsets all the time as our constant  
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source of information and inspiration, constantly  looking at a very visual world and at the  
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lives of others, to read poetry can take  you somewhere with your imagination.  
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It can make you think, it can... And it can have different effects on you.  
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There's poetry that can sort of encourage  you and make you feel more confident.  
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There's poetry that can make you remember  things in the past and feel nostalgic.  
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In today's lesson, we're going to be looking  at a poem by William Wordsworth written at  
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the beginning of the 19th century, so  that's like 1803 it was written in.  
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So, bear in mind that this poem is  going to be difficult to understand.  
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This is advanced English, and there is much  more easy poetry for you guys to read after  
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this lesson. Anything written in the last 30, 40 years,  
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for example, will be much more instant to understand.  
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But I hope to guide you through the meaning  of this piece, and in so doing, I would hope  
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that there's vocab that you pick up and a  couple of sort of literary techniques that  
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I maybe talk about. You ready?  
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Good. So, this is my rough  
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plan of attack for how we get to know a poem. As I said, this is not how to answer a question,  
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it's just to try and understand the poem a bit more.  
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First of all, we need to read it, okay? And we're going to read it all the way through,  
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and we're not going to stop. Now, the reason for that is that  
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you need to get an overall sense of the poem. Afterwards, we're going to come back and look at  
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it, and there's some really difficult vocabulary, and we will start to unpick it and understand it.  
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But to start with, we're just going  to read it all the way through.  
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If you were here with me, I'd get you reading  it, but I'm afraid you're going to have to  
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put up with me reading it. "Earth has not anything to show more fair.  
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Dull he be of soul who could pass by  A sight so touching in its majesty.  
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This city now doth, like a garment, wear  The beauty of the morning, silent, bare.  
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Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples  Lie open unto the fields and to the sky,  
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All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. "Never did sun more beautifully steep  
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In his first splendour valley, rock, or hill." Well done.  
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Stay with it. "Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep.  
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The river glideth at his own sweet will." "Dear God, the very houses seem asleep,  
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And all that mighty heart is lying still." All right.  
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I wonder if you've got any pictures in your  imagination other than a giant, great question  
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mark going, "Benjamin, ha, ha, ha." Okay.  
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Anyway, we've read it. We're going to start  
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having a look at what "it" means. As I said, this was written over 200 years ago,  
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so language has evolved, and this is an older style of English.  
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Okay, we're going to go through line by line. "Earth has not anything to show more fair."  
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So, "fair" means beautiful. "Earth has not anything to show more fair."  
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So, it's like Earth is a person, and  the person of Earth is saying, "Hey,  
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look, you can have a look at this.  
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It's like Earth has a market  stall, saying, 'Look at this.  
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You can look at this. Look at this.'  
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And this particular thing that Earth is showing  is the most beautiful thing that Earth has."  
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Okay? How do I say that?  
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Well, it's like, "This is the  most beautiful sight on Earth."  
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Okay. Okay.  
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Next line. We're kind of going into this step, here,  
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to paraphrase, which it means to put it into your own words.  
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We're starting to do that now. "Dull he be of soul who could pass by."  
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So, "dull" meaning colorless, a bit boring. "He be of soul", so character.  
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"Dull he be of soul who could pass by." He must be a bit of...  
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He must be a bit of a boring  so-and-so, or he must be...  
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How would you say it? He must be really bland to be able to walk by.  
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Or another way of saying it, only someone  really, really dull could pass by and not  
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see all this. "And could pass  
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by a sight so touching in its majesty." So, "majesty" has an association with, like,  
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royalty; "a sight so touching", yeah? It affects our emotions, so we might want to  
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change this word a bit to, like, "amazingness". So, only someone really dull and boring could pass  
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by such an amazing sight. Yeah?  
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I'm paraphrasing; I'm trying to put it into  my words just so I understand each line of  
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the poem. If you were reading this on your own, well,  
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first of all, you'd start with an easier poem, but secondly, if you were looking at this,  
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then you'd need to be using a dictionary to look up words like "majesty".  
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Right. Okay.  
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Well done for staying with me. It's going to be worth it.  
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We're going on a journey together. Right.  
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"This city now doth", now that's an  old-fashioned word, and it just means "does".  
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"The city now does, like a garment where". "Garment" means a piece of clothing.  
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So, "the city", it's like the  city is wearing some clothes.  
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The city is now wearing some clothes. So, this is... is it a simile or metaphor?  
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"Like", so it's a simile. Okay.  
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So, we're being asked to imagine that the city... This is the city of London, by the way;  
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I didn't have room to put the title. The title of the poem is "Composed upon  
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Westminster Bridge in 1803". Okay.  
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So, we're being asked to imagine that the city  is like a person, and it's kind of waking  
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up in the morning, and it's got its pajamas  on, yep, or a sheet on, or something like  
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that. "The city now is wearing some clothes."  
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What... and now it's going to tell us what  the clothes is, or what the piece of clothing  
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is. "It's wearing", yep, because there's no  
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punctuation here, so the meaning continues here. So, what is the city wearing?  
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The city is wearing the beauty of the morning. Huh?  
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What's the beauty of the morning? How can you wear the beauty of the morning?  
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Well, let's think about that. What is the beauty of the morning?  
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Do we imagine beautiful sunshine, or  are we imagining rain and stormy winds?  
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No, it's a nice, calm morning. Yep.  
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It's a blue sky, kind of wisps of clouds in  the horizon, so it's like the city is...  
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the sky is kind of sitting on top of the city. This is the person, this is the sky, which is what  
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the city is wearing. Okay.  
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Difficult bit. Well done for staying in there.  
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Okay, let's carry on. "Silent", "bare".  
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"Bare ships", "towers", so "bare" because  there's no punctuation, that goes on to there.  
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"Bare ships, towers, domes, theaters, and  temples lie open unto the fields and to the  
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sky."  
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Okay, so it's quiet. "Silent, bare ships".  
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So in those days, there would  have been boats with sails.  
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Yep. There were no  
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engines with diesel outboard engines going... No, it's all sail-powered, but these ships are  
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bare, so the sails are kind of onto the mast, the pole, and they're not sailing.  
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Why? Maybe there's no wind, maybe it's very quiet.  
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Okay, so it's silent, there are bare ships. "Towers", yep, think of kind of castles, domes,  
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so we're starting to picture the city of London at the beginning of the 19th century.  
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"Domes", kind of this kind of  shape, kind of a circular shape.  
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"Theaters and temples lie", so "temples" could  be another word for a church, and "temples  
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lie open unto the fields". Right.  
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It helps to know a little bit of knowledge  around the poem, so I happen to know that  
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back then, 200 years ago, London was a much  smaller place, and back then, probably in  
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the horizon, you could still see the fields. Now, London's so big, you can't see the  
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fields in the horizon. Okay, so let's go back.  
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It's quiet, yep. The boats aren't moving, but we can see,  
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let's call them "castles", "beautiful buildings",  
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"theaters", "temples", and  in the background, "fields".  
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Okay, "unto the sky", so in the far horizon,  I see "fields" and "sky", "unto the sky".  
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Okay, good. I've got some  
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heavy punctuation there, so that means I go... It's like a pausing point before I go into the  
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next bit. Right.  
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Let's mark it with a bit of a... There.  
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"All bright and glittering in the smokeless air". Glittering means...  
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Do you know what glitter is? If you go to a festival, some people put glitter  
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on their face, it means, like, "shining in the smokeless air", so without smoke.  
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So, it's not all polluted,  it's not noisy, it's quiet.  
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So, everything is glittering, everything is  glimmering in the clean, pure morning air.  
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Okay? It's like it's sunrise.  
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You're starting to get a picture  in your mind of this scene.  
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And then a full stop. So, again, I go...  
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I get the energy to try and  understand the next bit.  
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"Never did sun more beautifully steep", so a  steep hill is like that, so here, it's being  
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used as a verb. There's my adverb, there's my verb.  
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The sun is going up. Yeah?  
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The sun rise, it goes up. Never did sun more beautifully steep.  
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The sun never went up more beautifully. This was the most beautiful sunrise ever.  
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Okay? It's a big claim,  
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yeah, but he's... the poet is really...  or the narrator is really, really  
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excited by this sight. The sun never went up more beautifully...  
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Ah, the meaning continues  because I've got no punctuation.  
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Never went up more beautifully in his  first splendor, valley, rock, or hill.  
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"Splendor" means, like, glory, or another word  for amazingness, in his first amazingness.  
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So, this, yeah, as I said, it's  the most beautiful sunrise ever.  
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The first splendor would have been  the first morning of planet Earth.  
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Even that was not as beautiful as this  morning here, valley, rock, or hill.  
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It's not that clear how these fit into the  sentence, because he's playing with the word  
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order, but we do get a picture in our mind,  valleys, it's very natural, rocks, hills.  
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Maybe he's talking about that first morning  when the Earth was first created, and we could  
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see these things for the first time, yeah? And by talking about the first ever sunrise,  
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when everything was new, we have that sense now.  
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It's like everything is new. That's what a comparison does.  
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It brings the quality that is being compared  to the thing that is being described.  
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That's quite a difficult concept. It doesn't matter if you haven't understood it.  
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Okay, punctuation here, I  get ready for the next bit.  
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"Nair", so this apostrophe here shows  me that there's a missing letter.  
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The missing letter, what do you  think that missing letter is?  
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It's a V. It's short for "never". It's just shortened because of the rhyme.  
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"Never saw I, never felt a calm so deep." So, we change the word order to put  
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it into modern day English. I've never seen, I've never felt,  
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he's feeling this sunrise. It's the most peaceful thing  
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he's ever seen or felt. Okay, exclamation mark.  
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So again, heavy punctuation. So, that bit's finished and  
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I breathe in and I attack the next bit. "The river glideth", so often when you have a TH,  
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you can just replace it with an S. So, the river glides at its own sweet will.  
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Okay, so the river is now  a person making decisions.  
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It's called personification. So, the river is going, "Okay, everything's  
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cool, so I'm just going to flow down here." The river's gliding at its own sweet will.  
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He's doing it himself. The river's deciding what to do.  
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Okay, so the landscape is  becoming more and more alive.  
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Yep, now this river is like a person. Okay, it's not just the boring old brown river.  
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It's like, "Wow, that's a  really interesting river."  
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"Dear God!", yep, that's like an exclamation,  like, "OMG!" if it was in modern-day English.  
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"The very houses seem asleep." Ah, look, something else has  
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become a human being. The houses are now humans.  
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And what are they doing? They're sleeping.  
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So, it's like everything  is asleep apart from him.  
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It's like he, the narrator, the voice of the  poem, is experiencing something that no one  
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else is. And all that mighty heart is lying still.  
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So, "mighty" means, like, really strong. That really strong heart is lying still.  
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Whose heart? Which heart?  
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Well, he's describing what he can see on...  from one of the most central bridges in London,  
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Westminster Bridge. It goes up to where Parliament is.  
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And all that mighty heart... So, the heart could be about the city, yep.  
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So, the city is now a heart. All of the city is asleep.  
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Okay? But it's like  
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the city is alive because it has a heartbeat.  
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Right. Okay.  
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We've read it. We've kind of gone through the meaning of it.  
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Context. At this point, you would probably want to find  
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out a bit about the poet, William Wordsworth. So, William Wordsworth came from a very beautiful  
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part of England called the Lake District. It's a national park.  
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And he was called a romantic poet. So, he mainly wrote about the beauty of nature.  
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One of his most famous poems is talking  about the beauty of a daffodil or daffodils.  
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Okay. So, it's someone who's really into what they're  
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seeing around them, the beauty of the natural world.  
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But interestingly, he's seeing the beauty  in the middle of Britain's biggest city.  
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But he's seeing the beauty here. Okay.  
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Fine. Fine.  
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You can read much more into the context  if you like, but that will do for now.  
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Keywords. "Key", meaning, you know, it's important.  
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We have our key, it lets us into our doors. So, the keywords let us into the poem.  
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What I mean by that is we need to try and  find the important words in each line to help  
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us to understand it. So, I'm just going to underline some keywords.  
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So, "Earth, not anything more fair." Yeah?  
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It's the most beautiful thing on Earth. "Dull soul could pass by."  
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Just going for the keywords  to really get the meaning.  
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"Sight, touching, and its majesty." It's amazing.  
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It's gorgeous. The city is wearing some clothes.  
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What is it wearing? It's wearing the beauty of the morning.  
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And then it describes little things around  the city, ships, towers, domes, theatres.  
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Yeah? We're seeing all of the beauty of London,  
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all of the amazingness of it. Okay, so which...  
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I'm not going to do that for the  whole second half of the poem.  
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I think it's better to do little  bits and do it in more detail.  
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So, what are the most important words here? "Fair", it's about beauty.  
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"Soul", yes? This is an experience that makes  
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us alive in our heart, in our soul. "Beauty", these are, like, the key  
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words, the key ideas. It's beautiful, okay?  
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It's silent. It's empty.  
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It's quiet. We've done the paraphrasing.  
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"The mood". Okay.  
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Well, if we look here at this line, "silent  bear", "ships", "towers", "domes", "theatres",  
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and "temples", we've got a  list of how many things.  
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"Bear", "ships", "towers", "domes", "theatres",  and "temples", that's a list of five things.  
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And the pace of that line goes quite  fast because you've got da-da-da-da-da.  
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It shows an excitement, yeah? There's an excitement with the world around him.  
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"The mood" is one of wonder, like, "Whoa,  I've never seen anything like this before."  
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Okay, "themes". What are the themes?  
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So, we've got... We spoke about the first splendor,  
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so it's like the first morning. So, the city is...  
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It's not like we've got city and countryside. The city is part of the sky.  
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It's wearing the sky as its pajamas, remember? So, there's, like, a total union between this city  
234
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291, 538, 385, 11, 22231, 50738 0.0, -0.23962601775028666, 1.3
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1.16, 81.28, " can", 0.88867187 , [81.28, 81.44, " have", 0.792
25:12
landscape and the natural world around it, so everything is in harmony.  
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Okay, it's all harmony. The river's happy, there's no problems, yep?  
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Everything is exactly how it should be. So, "themes" mean things like "jealousy",  
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"love", "war", "hatred". What is it about?  
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What kind of ideas is the poem exploring? Well, here, I would suggest that it's  
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"harmony" and "stillness", perhaps. You could say that that is a mood.  
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"Clever stuff". Now, this isn't the time and the place for  
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me to go into teaching you every single poetic, literary technique, okay?  
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Things like simile, metaphor, alliteration,  personification, but we can look at one or  
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two things. Now, we've already discussed  
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the idea of "personification". Personification is where you  
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make a non-human object human. You turn something that is an object and kind  
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of breathe life into it for a desired effect. Where does William Wordsworth do that?  
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Well, he says that the city is wearing a garment. This is actually a simile because  
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we've got "like", yep? So, similes tend to have  
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the words "like" or "as". "As mad as a hatter", yep?  
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"Playing basketball like Michael Jordan", yep? I'm comparing someone to playing  
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basketball like Michael Jordan. Is that the name of the basketball player?  
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I think so. Okay, so we've got a simile here.  
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It's "like". It's like the city is wearing a garment.  
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"Where's my river bit?", where  the river starts turning it...  
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Doing its own thing. The river glides at his own sweet will, yep?  
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The river is able to decide what to do. So, the river has physical...  
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Human characteristics. Why?  
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To help with the sense of wonder at  how amazing this whole scene is, okay?  
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51508], 0.0, -0.272775431810799 1.5064935064935066, 0.016647 33
54, 89.02, "느낌", 0.919433593 ], [89.02, 89.28 , " 더보기", 0.87
2380952380953, 0.03021240234375 [[89.66, 90.06, " 있습니다", 0.7 65
, 538, 6740, 32857, 13136, 37 , 412, 51180], 0.0, -0. 22858796 ,
27:54
Now, there's a lot, lot more detail that we  could go into here, and I'm not going to go  
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into the rhyme and the rhythm in  any great detail in this video.  
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This is just a... Just, you know, it's an introduction.  
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Okay, but that said, sometimes if you look at  the rhyming words at the end of each line,  
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it's quite interesting to  see what is linked together.  
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So, for example, we've got "deep" and "asleep". Everything else is flat out.  
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It's that quiet. What else have we got?  
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"Linked". "Lie" and "sky".  
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Everything around is so peaceful, okay? What's the effect on the reader?  
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That's a question that you always need to  have in the back of your mind when you're  
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thinking... When you're analyzing poetry.  
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But if you're just reading it  for fun, then just enjoy it.  
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Well, the effect on the reader is  it makes us imagine the scene.  
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It makes us appreciate the beauty of this  London scene, and we share the excitement  
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of the narrator. "Narrator" means the person,  
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like, telling the story, the person describing.  
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We share the excitement and  the wonder of the narrator.  
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Okay, that's as far as I'm going  to go with this in today's lesson.  
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And it's kind of all I can do on one board  without sort of rubbing everything out and,  
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you know, all that kind of jazz. But I hope it's been useful.  
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I hope you've understood bits, and I would  encourage you to try and find some English  
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poetry that is accessible, that is, you know,  you can understand and get something from  
281
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7720
1.4952380952380953, 0.0302124 34375, [[98.91 , 99.3, " 안에", 0.
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.92, 151.1, " 커플", 0.794921 5], .1, 151.3, "의", 0.897
46, " 준비됐나요?", [50868, 509, 919, 30, 50918], 0.0, -0.266189
157.22, 157.74, " 좋아요.", [5091 2205, 13, 50968], 0.0, -0.2661
163.28, " rough", 0.76171875], 163.28, 163.78, " plan", 0.8608
, 175.66, " bit", 0.46923828125 [175.66, 175.94, " more.", 0.8
182.58, " Going", 0.8510742187 [182.58, 182.78, "에" , 0.903
2, 191.76, " that", 0.863769531 ], [191.76, 192.32, " you", 0.8
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4, 214.6, " get", 0.89013671875 [214.6, 214.82, " you", 0.8930
52, 575, 406, 1340, 281, 855 , 5 , 3143, 13, 51608], 0.0, -0.219
, 1080, 32146, 13, 50950], 0.0, 0.4322916587193807, 1.252032520
8, 229.26, "의", 21875 [229.26, 229.76, "영혼", 0.78
43, 11, 50996], 0.0, -0.3751953 579071, 1.2571428571428571, 0.3
, 256.5, " 필드", 0.714355468 ], [256.5, 257.6, " 및", 0.692
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30:01
it. Because as I said at the beginning of the video,  
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reading poetry can be a very nice way to relax at the end of the day.  
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So I'd encourage you on that journey. If this is the first time watching  
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my channel, please subscribe. This channel is mainly for people learning  
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English as a foreign language, despite this lesson being on William Wordsworth.  
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But there are lessons out on my  channel for native speakers as well.  
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So please subscribe, please share if you found  it useful, and I hope to see you again soon.
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