Gerunds: Forms and Uses - English Grammar with Jennifer

13,240 views ใƒป 2022-02-18

English with Jennifer


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:01
Hi everyone. I'm Jennifer from English withย  Jennifer. I've made some embarrassing mistakesย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„. ์ €๋Š” Jennifer์™€ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์˜จ Jennifer์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:07
in the past. Have you? Let me tell you about one.ย  I was at a wedding. I knew the bride, but not theย ย 
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. ๋‹น์‹ ์€? ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:15
groom. I had only seen him from a distance. Well,ย  I was walking along a path after the ceremony,ย ย 
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์‹ ๋ž‘์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์Œ, ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:22
and a man in a tuxedo was about to pass me. I wasย  fairly certain it was the groom, so I thought Iย ย 
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ํ„ฑ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:29
should say something. I said, "Congratulations!"ย  He said, "Thanks, but I'm not the groom." I wasย ย 
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!" ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ณ ๋ง™์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š”
00:38
like, "Oops!" Putting names with faces isn't myย  best skill, at least not outside the classroom.ย ย 
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"์•—!" ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ต์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:49
Sometimes we mistake one person for another.ย  It happens. I know I'm not the first to do it.ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
This is not all that different from mistakingย  one piece of grammar for another. Gerunds andย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ โ€‹โ€‹๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฐ
01:03
present participles are both words that end inย  -ing. We form them from verbs: learn - learning,ย ย 
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ -ing๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ํ•™์Šต - ํ•™์Šต,
01:13
love - loving, run - running. So,ย  not all words that end in -ingย ย 
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ์‹คํ–‰ - ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ -ing๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
01:21
are gerunds, but gerunds behave like nouns.ย  Take a look at some parts from my story againย ย 
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
01:30
and tell me if the highlighted words are gerunds.ย  I've made some embarrassing mistakes in the past.
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๊ฐ•์กฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
This isn't a gerund. This is a presentย  participle functioning as an adjective.ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ช…์ด์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
Some call it a participial adjective. Whatย  kind of mistakes? Embarrassing mistakes.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹ค์ˆ˜.
02:00
-ing adjectives have an active meaning.ย  These mistakes cause embarrassment.
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-ing ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹นํ˜น๊ฐ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
I was walking along a path after the ceremony.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
This isn't a gerund. This is a present participle,ย  and it's part of a verb in the past progressive.ย ย 
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ช…์ด์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ
02:26
It's an action in progressย  at a past point in time.
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
02:32
Putting names with faces isn't my best skill.
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์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
"Putting" is a gerund. I usedย  a gerund phrase as the subjectย ย 
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"Putting"์€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:48
of my sentence. Putting namesย  with faces isn't my best skill.
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. ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
How else can we use gerunds? What else might weย  mistake for a gerund? Do gerunds change forms?ย ย 
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋‚˜์š”?
03:05
Let's find answers to these questions.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:14
We saw how a gerund or aย  gerund phrase can functionย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:18
as the subject. Take a look at theseย  sentences. How are the gerunds being used?
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. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์„ธ์š” . ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:27
Do you enjoy meeting new people?ย  Are you good at remembering names?
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:36
Look back at number one. Enjoyย  what? Enjoy meeting new people.ย ย 
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1๋ฒˆ์„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์„ธ์š”.
03:44
The gerund phrase is the object ofย  the verb. It's the direct object.
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
And number two. Good at what?ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:56
Good at something. The gerund phraseย  is the object of the preposition.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Three. Jennifer's chosen topic,ย ย 
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์‚ผ. ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ
04:08
forgetting people's names, is oneย  that other people might relate to.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
What was the chosen topic?ย  Forgetting people's names.ย ย 
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์„ ์ •๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์žŠ๋Š”๋‹ค.
04:22
I'm using the gerund as an appositive. That's aย  noun or a noun phrase that redefines the subject.
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฉ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
We often form appositives when we reduce adjectiveย  clauses. My father, a medical doctor, is nowย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์„ ์ค„์ผ ๋•Œ ์ข…์ข… ๋™๊ฒฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ œ
04:40
retired. What was the full adjective clause? Myย  father, who was a medical doctor, is now retired.
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์€ํ‡ดํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
So, a noun or noun phrase or a gerundย  or gerund phrase can be an appositive.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
Do you remember how I said puttingย  names with faces isn't my best skill?ย ย 
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:07
I can flip that around and say, "My bestย  skill isn't putting names with faces."ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์„œ "๋‚ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
Remember that subject complementsย  follow linking verbs. We have theย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด ๋ณด์™„์–ด๋Š” ์ ‘์† ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
05:20
subject + linking verb (in this case a formย  of BE) and then the subject complement.ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด + ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋™์‚ฌ(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” BE์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ)์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋ณด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
It defines the subject. My best skill...ย  What is it? Isn't putting names with faces.
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์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ตœ์• ๋Š”... ๋ญ์•ผ? ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
05:37
To summarize, a gerund or gerund phraseย  can be a subject, object, complement,ย ย 
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด, ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด, ๋ณด์–ด
05:46
or appositive. Try completing these sentencesย  for practice. Share your ideas in the comments.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š” . ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. 2
06:12
Do you want to know my honest answer to numberย  two? In the early morning hours, I enjoy sleepingย ย 
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๋ฒˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์†”์งํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‚˜์š” ? ์ด๋ฅธ ์•„์นจ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ €๋Š” ๋Šฆ์ž ์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:18
in. I also think that a major cause of stressย  is taking on too much and not finding enoughย ย 
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. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:27
time for ourselves. Would you agree? I just gaveย  you an example of a negative gerund. Negativeย ย 
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์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ถ€์ • ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •์˜
06:36
gerunds are simply "not" + the gerund. Again,ย  this gerund or gerund phrase can be a subject,ย ย 
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ "not" + ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด,
06:43
object, complement, or appositive. How aboutย  a passive gerund? Do you remember the basicย ย 
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๋ชฉ์ ์–ด, ๋ณด์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:52
difference between active voice and passiveย  voice? Passive verbs shift the focus to theย ย 
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๋Šฅ๋™ํƒœ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š” ? ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ ์„
06:59
person or thing that receives the action.ย  The focus shifts away from the performer.ย ย 
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
Watching small children is necessary. Watchingย  other people is not always appropriate.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
For street artists and street performers,ย  being watched is completely normal.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
Do you like being told what to do? Areย  you ever afraid of being judged harshly?
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:34
These are more examples of passive gerunds.ย  Passive gerunds use BEING + the past participle.ย ย 
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” BEING + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Go ahead and practice using passive gerunds.ย  Write complete answers to my questions.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋‚ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
07:53
I can tell you that my son doesn'tย  like being told what to do,ย ย 
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์ œ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
07:57
especially behind the wheel. He's now 16 going onย  17, and although he's doing a great job as a newย ย 
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ํŠนํžˆ ์šด์ „์„์—์„œ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ œ 16์‚ด์ด๊ณ  17์‚ด์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๋กœ์„œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:05
driver, I still get nervous. He doesn'tย  have his full license yet, so sometimesย ย 
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธด์žฅ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ์ •์‹ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋”์€
08:11
I become a backseat driver. I'm sitting inย  the front passenger seat, but I have a habitย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ท์ขŒ์„ ์šด์ „๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ˆ˜์„์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ,
08:17
of reminding him to do this and that. I knowย  it's annoying, but sometimes I can't help it.ย ย 
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ €๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Yes, I'm admitting publicly that myย  backseat driving is annoying my teenage son.
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์˜ˆ, ๋’ท์ขŒ์„ ์šด์ „์ด ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์•„๋“ค์„ ์งœ์ฆ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Okay. Look at the sentence andย  tell me where the gerund is.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
08:42
Driving. "Driving" is the gerund. "Backseat"ย ย 
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์šด์ „. "๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋น™"์€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Backseat"๋Š”
08:46
is acting as a noun modifier. Whatย  kind of driving? Backseat driving.
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๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์šด์ „์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? ๋’ท์ขŒ์„ ์šด์ „.
08:54
Whose backseat driving? Mine.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋’ท์ขŒ์„ ์šด์ „? ๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ.
09:00
We can use possessive forms before a gerund:ย  a possessive name or a possessive adjective.ย ย 
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ.
09:09
Since gerunds behave like nouns, we canย  use a possessive word before gerund.
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Now, something interesting happens in everydayย  English. Sometimes we use just a person's name,ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
not with an apostrophe -s, just the nameย ย 
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์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ -s๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:27
or an object pronoun in front of aย  gerund. And it has the same meaning.
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋ฒˆ
09:34
Your telling me what to do atย  every turn makes me nervous.ย ย 
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ธด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋ฒˆ ํ•ด์•ผ
09:39
You telling me what to do atย  every turn makes me nervous.
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ํ•  ์ผ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ธด์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
In fact, the object pronoun sounds moreย  natural to my ears in this example.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๊ท€์— ๋” ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
What do you think neighbors might complain about?ย ย 
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์ด์›ƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ
09:58
Can you finish my sentencesย  with gerunds or gerund phrases?
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๋‚ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š” ?
10:16
Here are my ideas. The new neighbors areย  awful. Their partying drives me crazy.ย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์›ƒ์€ ๋”์ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
10:23
I really want to tell them that theirย  dancing on the rooftop has got to stop.
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์˜ฅ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถค์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ผญ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
10:31
Let's pause for a moment and consider what itย  means to use a possessive adjective before aย ย 
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์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์†Œ์œ  ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
10:36
gerund. It means we can use other adjectivesย  -- other modifiers -- before gerunds.ย ย 
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. ์ด๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ -- ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด -- ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
The neighbor's loud partying is a problem.ย ย 
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์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
Constant sneezing is typical of springย  allergies. Slow dancing is very romantic.ย ย 
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๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ฑ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ด„ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ถค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
The hard part is done. The rest ofย  the project should be smooth sailing.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
We've now seen a simple gerund,ย  a simple gerund that's negative,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ,
11:12
a passive gerund, and aย  so-called possessive gerund.
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์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ์œ„ ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Having covered simple, passive, andย  possessive forms should fill you withย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์œ ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
11:24
more confidence. At least, I hope so. You'reย  ready to look at two final forms: past forms.
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๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ตœ์ข… ํ˜•์‹์ธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜•์‹์„ ๋ณผ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Look at my subject.ย ย 
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๋‚ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ด.
11:38
I used a very long subject with a perfect gerund.ย  A perfect gerund is a past form of a gerund.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฃŒ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
We use HAVING + a past participle.ย ย 
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HAVING + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
For regular verbs, that's the -ed form. Forย  irregular verbs. it's the third form of the verb.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ -ed ํ˜•์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
We don't often need this form, butย  it's useful when we need to clarifyย ย 
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์ด ์–‘์‹์€ ์ž์ฃผ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
12:05
that one action happened at an earlier pastย  point in time. I said, "Having covered simple,ย ย 
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์ด์ „ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . "๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:13
passive, and possessive forms should fillย  you with more confidence." In other words,ย ย 
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์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰,
12:20
we covered other forms of gerunds earlier,ย  so now you should have more confidence.
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์ด์ „์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
Guess what? A perfect gerund can also be passive.ย ย 
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๋ญ”์ง€ ๋งž์ถฐ๋ด? ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
My backseat driving is bothersome. I guess Iย  appreciate having been told. I'll do it less.
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๋’ท์ขŒ์„ ์šด์ „์ด ๊ท€์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋œํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Besides, he really is gettingย  better, so he needs less direction.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
The passive form of a perfect or pastย  gerund is HAVING BEEN + the past participle:ย ย 
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์™„๋ฃŒํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ๋Š” HAVING BEEN + ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ:
12:57
having been told.
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๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
Again, he told me earlier, so now I knowย  what not to do. Can you finish these ideas?
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์ œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:32
Let me note one pattern. If the time sequence isย  clear, we can use the simple gerund. For example,ย ย 
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
13:39
my country takes pride inย  having put a man on the moon.ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
I want to use the perfect gerund here because itย  makes a clear reference to the past. But look atย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:50
this example. Having been taught to respect othersย  at a young age made me the person I am today.ย ย 
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์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
I feel the time sequence is clear because we haveย  two time markers: "at a young age" and "today."ย ย 
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'์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์—'์™€ '์˜ค๋Š˜'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
So personally, I think it's fine to say,ย  "Being taught to respect others at a young ageย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ '์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:14
made me the person I am today."ย ย 
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
And truthfully, we don't use perfect gerundsย  all that much in everyday spoken English.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ ์™„์ „ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์—… ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
14:25
Do you remember how I talked about mistakenย  identity at the beginning of the lesson?ย ย 
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ?
14:30
Well, here's a related challenge. Canย  you identify which sentence has a gerund?ย ย 
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๊ธ€์Ž„, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋„์ „์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
14:38
A. The parents appreciated havingย  been warned about the strong currents,ย ย 
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A. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ
14:43
so they kept their children inย  the shallow water at the beach.
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์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ์–•์€ ๋ฌผ์— ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
And B. Having been warnedย  about the strong currents,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  B. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€
14:54
the parents kept their childrenย  in the shallow water at the beach.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ์–•์€ ๋ฌผ์— ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
Let's consider these examples carefully.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Not all sources and not all teachers will agreeย  with me, but I feel that sentence A has a gerund.ย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ์ฒ˜์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์žฅ A์— ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
Sentence A has a passive gerund in a pastย  form functioning as the object of the verb:ย ย 
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๋ฌธ์žฅ A์—๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
appreciated. Appreciated what? In myย  mind, sentence B has a participial phrase,ย ย 
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ? ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ B์— ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ตฌ,
15:29
an adverbial phrase, and it explains a reason.ย  Why? I see a reduced adverb clause in sentence B.ย ย 
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ? ๋ฌธ์žฅ B์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
Because the parents had beenย  warned about the strong currents,ย ย 
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
15:44
they kept their children inย  the shallow water at the beach.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๋ณ€์˜ ์–•์€ ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
15:50
There is debate about gerunds and participles. Forย  example, following time words like AFTER, BEFORE,ย ย 
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๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด AFTER, BEFORE, WHILE๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ์—
15:57
and WHILE, we can have -ing forms. Someย  simply call those words -ing forms.ย ย 
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-ing ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ -ing ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
However, others like to label them as eitherย  gerunds or participles. I see arguments for both.ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
If you consider AFTER and BEFORE prepositions,ย  then you can see gerunds in these examples:ย ย 
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AFTER ๋ฐ BEFORE ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
After swimming, we had lunch.ย  Before heading to the beach,ย ย 
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์ˆ˜์˜ ํ›„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—
16:22
we put on sunblock. Preposition + object. However,ย  if you consider AFTER and BEFORE as conjunctions,ย ย 
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์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ + ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋กœ AFTER์™€ BEFORE๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด
16:33
subordinating conjunctions left overย  from reduced adverb clauses of time,ย ย 
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์€ ์ข…์† ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ
16:39
then you likely see them as participles.ย  The full adverb clauses of time are:ย ย 
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๋กœ ๋ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
After we swam, we had lunch. Before weย  headed to the beach, we put on sunblock.
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์ˆ˜์˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
Remember that WHILE also helps us form adverbย  clauses of time that reduce to adverb phrases,ย ย 
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WHILE์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
17:02
so why isn't WHILE listed as a prepositionย  in the dictionary? It's only a conjunction.ย ย 
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WHILE์ด ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ? ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
Why would two conjunctions transform intoย  prepositions and a third wouldn't? Whileย ย 
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
17:16
I was relaxing on the beach, I got a nice tan.ย  While relaxing on the beach, I got a nice tan.
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ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํƒœ๋‹์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ ํƒ ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
I usually see all these examples withย  AFTER, BEFORE, and WHILE + -ing formsย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต AFTER, BEFORE ๋ฐ WHILE + -ing ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ
17:32
as adverb phrases reduced from adverb clauses.ย ย 
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
But to be honest, I'd rather find a compromiseย  than argue. Maybe we can just call them -ingย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์Ÿ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ -ing ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:43
forms in those phrases. We can also talkย  about -ing forms in these kinds of examples.ย ย 
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. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ -ing ํ˜•์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
Do you have trouble making small talk? Are youย  comfortable talking to people you just met?ย ย 
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์ž‘์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŽธ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:59
I definitely see those phrases as complements.ย  The first is an object complement.ย ย 
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ณด์™„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
The second is an adjective complement. I'd ratherย  not argue whether they're gerunds or participles,ย ย 
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋ณด์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ
18:14
so I'm willing to call them -ingย  forms. That's probably less confusing.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด -ing ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
If you'd like to learn more about reducing adverbย  clauses, you can watch my four-part lesson on thisย ย 
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๋ถ€์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ 4๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜์„ธ์š”
18:27
topic. I'll put the link in the video description.ย  Here's a final quiz. Let's test what you learned.
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. ์˜์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…๋ž€์— ๋งํฌ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‘˜๊ฒŒ์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ€ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
18:38
One. Which word is a gerund?
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ํ•˜๋‚˜. ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:48
Two. Which gerund is passive?
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๋‘˜. ์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:59
Three. Which gerund is a past form?
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์‚ผ. ์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:10
Four. Can you fix the mistake?
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๋„ท. ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:25
Five. Can you fix the mistake?
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๋‹ค์„ฏ. ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
19:47
We'll end here. I hope that looking at lots ofย  examples was useful. Practicing grammar togetherย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋ฉด
19:54
makes it easier to learn, and I certainlyย  hope that you feel more confident usingย ย 
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ , ์ด์ œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
19:59
gerunds now. Please like and share the video. Asย  always, thanks for watching and happy studies!
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. ์˜์ƒ ์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ถ€ํƒ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
20:09
Follow me on Facebook, Twitter, andย  Instagram. Why not join me on Patreon?ย ย 
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Facebook, Twitter, Instagram์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํŒ”๋กœ์šฐํ•˜์„ธ์š” . Patreon์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
20:14
And don't forget to subscribe on YouTube.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๊ตฌ๋…๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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