Subject-Verb Agreement: People has or have? News is or are?| English Grammar Lesson | C1-Advanced

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2024-10-04 ใƒป Anglo-Link


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Subject-Verb Agreement: People has or have? News is or are?| English Grammar Lesson | C1-Advanced

2,175 views ใƒป 2024-10-04

Anglo-Link


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:03
[Music]
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[์Œ์•…]
00:04
Hello and welcome everyone to this lesson, whichย  is about agreements, grammatical agreements. Letย ย 
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๋™์˜์–ด, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ๋™์˜์–ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์˜ค์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค .
00:11
me share my screen with you and see that thereย  are three categories of agreement that I haveย ย 
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๋‚ด ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
chosen to go over with you today. The commonย  mistakes take place in these three categories:ย ย 
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. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
00:25
subject-verb, noun-pronoun, and determiner- noun.ย  So, let's start by looking at two very basic rulesย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ-๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ฒฐ์ •์‚ฌ-๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ๋‹ค์Œ
00:35
that you learn very easily and quickly right atย  the start of your English studies, and they are:ย ย 
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๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Add 's' to make a noun plural, for example: oneย  girl, two girls, and add 's' to make a verb thirdย ย 
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด 's'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์˜ˆ: one girl, two girls, ๋™์‚ฌ 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด 's'๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
00:50
person singular: Two girls dance. One girl dances.ย  So, a bit confusing! That's the English language.ย ย 
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. Two girls dance. ํ•œ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ถค์„ ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
But these are, this is where the most commonย  mistakes come from: forgetting these two rules,ย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
01:06
particularly dropping the 's'. You justย  need to pay a bit more attention here. So,ย ย 
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ํŠนํžˆ 's'๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
01:12
having now pointed this out, we can look at theย  other mistakes that you saw in the first slide:ย ย 
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜(
01:20
subject-verb, noun- pronoun, determiner-noun, andย  these mistakes come from the many irregularitiesย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ-๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ฒฐ์ •์‚ฌ-๋ช…์‚ฌ)๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:27
and exceptions of the English language. So, don'tย  beat yourself up for making them. We all do. Andย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์ฑ…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:35
the purpose, as I said, is to gradually becomeย  aware of them and get rid of them so that youย ย 
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๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ
01:41
feel more confident in using the language. So,ย  let's start with the first category: subject-verb.ย ย 
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์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย ย  ์ด ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ
01:48
I've got five groups, five different groups, inย  this category. The first group is when we haveย ย 
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์—๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€
01:55
a singular form, which is usually an adjective,ย  that refers to a category of people, for example:ย ย 
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
02:03
the rich - combined with the word the - the richย  = all rich people, the poor = all poor people,ย ย 
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๋ถ€์ž - the๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ - ๋ถ€์ž = ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ž, ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ = ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ,
02:11
the elderly, the unemployed, etc. When we see theย  word, it's a singular word: adjective obviously,ย ย 
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๋…ธ์ธ, ์‹ค์—…์ž ๋“ฑ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ ,
02:19
and we think: Oh, singular verb. No, it needs toย  be plural because we're talking about a group ofย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„, ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:25
people. So, the elderly, not is, but are a sourceย  of wisdom, for example. That's straightforward;ย ย 
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. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋…ธ์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ˜œ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
just something to remember. The next one is whenย  the plural form refers to a single entity or aย ย 
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋˜๋Š”
02:41
single unit, for example countries with 's' atย  the end of their name, plural names basically:ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋์— 's'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ , ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:49
the United States or a sum of money: $300.ย  Again we see the 's' and think: It's plural:ย ย 
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก ํ•ฉ๊ณ„: $300์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 's'๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
02:58
plural verb. No, it's one unit, one entity: use aย  singular verb: $300 was a bargain price. Next one,ย ย 
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”. $300๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ,
03:10
third group in this category 'subject-verbย  mistakes' is when the plural form has no 's':ย ย 
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์ด ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ '์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์‹ค์ˆ˜'์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์— 's'๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฆ‰
03:18
irregular plurals. The four common ones that Iย  often hear mistakes with are: men, women, people,ย ย 
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๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
03:27
children. So 'people' particularly! Everyoneย  uses, not everyone, but I think 90% of theย ย 
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํŠนํžˆ '์‚ฌ๋žŒ'! ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 90%์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:34
time I hear this mistake with 'people': Peopleย  has ... 'people' is the plural of 'person', so:ย ย 
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'people'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. People ์€ ... 'people'์€ 'person'์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:41
Many people have refused to vote. Now, there areย  two exceptions here, and they are the words 'data'ย ย 
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.ย ย  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, '๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ'
03:50
and 'media'. They are irregular plurals of 'datum'ย  and 'medium'. They are irregular plurals, but youย ย 
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์™€ '๋ฏธ๋””์–ด'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ฐ์ดํ…€' ๊ณผ '๋งค์ฒด'์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
04:00
will hear both singular and plural verbs with themย  when native speakers use them. These are usuallyย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ
04:05
common native speaker mistakes that have becomeย  acceptable. So, although the grammatically correctย ย 
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๋˜๋Š” ํ”ํ•œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ
04:13
form is: More data have been collected, you'reย  very likely to hear: More data has been collected.ย ย 
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ํ˜•์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. More data have beenulated. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
So, I haven't crossed it out, crossed 'has' outย  as a mistake, but as an alternative which isย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , 'has'๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง€์› ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:29
grammatically incorrect but acceptable. So, youย  can use it if you want. And now, we come to theย ย 
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๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:37
fourth group in this category 'subject-verb', andย  that's when the singular word which is uncountableย ย 
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'์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ' ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
04:45
ends, happens to end, in 's' and examples are:ย  news, diabetes, physics. These are singular andย ย 
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๋๋‚˜๊ณ  's'๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‰ด์Šค, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ
04:54
they're uncountable. So, because we see the 's',ย  we think: Ah, a plural noun! Not necessarily! So,ย ย 
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์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 's'๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ' ์•„, ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋‚˜!'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค! ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ
05:01
be careful. It's: No news is good news. A noteย  and an exception for this group: There are threeย ย 
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์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€: ๋ฌด์†Œ์‹์€ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์™ธ:
05:11
common words: series, species, and means that haveย  the same singular and plural form. So, you have toย ย 
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์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ, ์ข…, ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
05:21
remember in your context if you're using them asย  a singular word or a noun or a plural noun. So,ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์–ด, ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ,
05:27
we would say: Some TV series are terrible: someย  series, but: This series (1) is good. Again anย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ์ผ๋ถ€ TV ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ: ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ(1)๋Š” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ
05:38
exception within this group: The word headquartersย  is the same as series, species, and means;ย ย 
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ: ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ, ์ข… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
it is both singular and plural, so we shouldย  really use singular when it's one headquarters,ย ย 
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๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ
05:53
but you will hear both: Our headquarters hasย  / have moved to Dublin. Right! And the finalย ย 
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ! ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
06:03
group within this category 'subject-verb' mistakesย  is when the singular form refers to a group, forย ย 
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์ด ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ '์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ' ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(
06:12
example: team, staff, government, board, family,ย  etc. Now, in this case, both a singular verb andย ย 
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์˜ˆ: ํŒ€, ์ง์›, ์ •๋ถ€, ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ). ์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€
06:20
a plural verb are grammatically correct, but it'sย  a little bit context-related which one is betterย ย 
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๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€์ง€๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:27
to use. Particularly if the action, the verb, isย  being carried out by each individual member of theย ย 
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. ํŠนํžˆ ๋™์ž‘, ์ฆ‰ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
06:35
group, then it's better to use a plural verb. So,ย  when we're talking about the board as one thing,ย ย 
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์—๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ
06:42
like: The board is composed of seven people,ย  obviously it's singular. The board is one board:ย ย 
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๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” 7๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋“œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
is composed of seven people. But when we'reย  talking about this board meeting, so nowย ย 
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7๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํšŒ์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด์ œ
06:54
we're thinking of each individual member of thisย  board, board of management, board of directors,ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› , ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
it's better to say: The board meet, particularlyย  in British English. 'meets' is not wrongย ย 
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ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด๋กœ The Board Meet์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . 'meets'๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
07:08
grammatically, and it's sometimes even common inย  American English. So, we can't say it's wrong;ย ย 
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
you have a choice, but I would recommend youย  use the plural form. There's one exception hereย ย 
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์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:22
and that's 'police'. In both British and Americanย  English, it's always plural. So, here it's wrongย ย 
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๋ฐ”๋กœ '๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
07:29
to say: The police has. You have to say: Theย  police have been informed. Right. So, as youย ย 
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๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ํ†ต๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
07:36
can see, there are exceptions, irregularities.ย  Again, I'll repeat: Don't beat yourself up whenย ย 
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ, ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
you make subject-verb agreement mistakes. Youย  just need revision, revision, revision. Okay,ย ย 
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์ฃผ์–ด-๋™์‚ฌ ์ผ์น˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž์ฑ…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ˆ˜์ •, ์ˆ˜์ •, ์ˆ˜์ •๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”,
07:50
that brings us to the next category, which isย  noun-pronoun mismatch or disagreement sometimes,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ-๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
and the common ones, the ones I've chosen are theย  ones I often hear. There may be others. The firstย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ
08:06
one is using 'he', 'him', or 'his' instead ofย  'it' and 'its' when referring to an object. Soย ย 
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๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•  ๋•Œ 'it' ๋ฐ 'its' ๋Œ€์‹  'he', 'him' ๋˜๋Š” 'his'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ
08:13
obviously you know this, but it's very common,ย  a common mistake that I hear, so don't say:ย ย 
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
08:18
Every theory has his faults, but its faults.ย  You need to activate the word 'its': I-T-S,ย ย 
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ก ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย  ์•„ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์—†์ด 'its'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด(I-T-S)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:25
without the apostrophe. And then, from this comesย  the mistake of using 'its' instead of 'their' whenย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ผ ๋•Œ 'their' ๋Œ€์‹  'its'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:33
the object is plural. So, for example if youย  go from 'Every theory has its faults.' to 'Allย ย 
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. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ก ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'์—์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ชจ๋“ 
08:40
theories', you need to change 'its' to 'their':ย  All theories have their faults. Right. And oneย ย 
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์ด๋ก '์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด '๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค'์„ '๊ทธ๋“ค์˜'๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ก ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
08:49
other in this category, only one more, and that isย  using again 'he', 'his', or 'him' with indefiniteย ย 
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์ด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ • ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'he', 'his' ๋˜๋Š” 'him'์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(
08:57
pronouns that refer to people, for example:ย  everybody, nobody, someone, etc. For these words,ย ย 
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์˜ˆ: ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์•„๋ฌด๋„, ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ). ,
09:05
you should use 'they', 'them', and 'their'. Andย  in this case, 'they', 'them', and 'their' areย ย 
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'๊ทธ๋“ค', '๊ทธ๋“ค', '๊ทธ๋“ค์˜'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ '๊ทธ๋“ค', '๊ทธ๋“ค', '๊ทธ๋“ค์˜'๋ฅผ
09:11
called 'genderless pronouns'. So the example wouldย  be: Someone knocked, but by the time I opened theย ย 
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'์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:19
door - the mistake would be 'he had left'. Weย  don't know if the someone was male or female,ย ย 
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚จ์ž์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ž์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
09:26
so the correct pronoun to use here is: theyย  had left. The alternative is to say: He orย ย 
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” '๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋˜๋Š”
09:34
she had left. But, this is not the best option; itย  makes your sentence long and a bit awkward. Okay,ย ย 
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”,
09:42
so that's that category. And the final categoryย  is 'determiner-noun' mistakes. The most commonย ย 
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” '๊ฒฐ์ •์‚ฌ-๋ช…์‚ฌ' ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
one I hear is using 'this' or' that' before aย  plural noun. So, instead of saying: This peopleย ย 
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ๋ง์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— 'this' ๋˜๋Š” 'that'์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
09:57
know each other, you need to say: These. You haveย  to activate the words 'these', and the next one:ย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. '์ด๊ฒƒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ '์ €๊ฒƒ'์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:04
those. Our evaluation was based on - not thatย  criteria - 'criteria' is also a plural noun,ย ย 
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. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” - ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ - '๊ธฐ์ค€'๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ
10:11
so: those criteria. Next one in this category isย  using the word 'another' with a plural noun: veryย ย 
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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 'another'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ
10:22
common mistake. So, I very often hear: Oh, thereย  are another drawbacks. The word you need to useย ย 
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ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š”
10:29
here is 'other': There are other drawbacks. Youย  could say: There is another - 'an' is singular,ย ย 
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'๊ธฐํƒ€'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 'an'์€ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
right? There is another drawback, but thereย  are other drawbacks. And the last one in thisย ย 
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:46
category is using a plural noun after 'each' andย  'every'. I don't hear this very often, but I haveย ย 
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'each'์™€ 'every' ๋’ค์— ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฃ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
10:54
come across it. So example: New species are dyingย  out each day, not each days. Or: not every peopleย ย 
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์ด ๋ง์„ ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์€ ๋งค์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งค์ผ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
11:04
must take responsibility, every person must takeย  responsibility. And just to remind you, althoughย ย 
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์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:13
it's 'every person', because we don't know if it'sย  'he' or 'she', we must use the genderless pronoun:ย ย 
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'๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ด์ง€๋งŒ '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ธ์ง€ '๊ทธ๋…€'์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ:ย ย ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:19
for their actions. So, these are the mistakesย  I wanted to point out, mention, in these threeย ย 
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. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:27
categories, but before we end, there are two otherย  mistakes that don't fall into these categories,ย ย 
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:34
but I thought I should mention to you. Theย  first one is a very common native mistake,ย ย 
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์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ,
11:40
and it's becoming more and more common; you willย  start hearing it, and that is you will hear thingsย ย 
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์ ์  ๋” ํ”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:47
like: There is a lot of books on this topic. Now,ย  we know, we learned very early in our Englishย ย 
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. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—
11:53
studies, that 'books' is plural, so we have toย  use the plural form: There are a lot of booksย ย 
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'books'๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
on this topic. Or '20 people'. We know thatย  'people' is plural: There were 20 people at theย ย 
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” '20๋ช…'. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” '์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—๋Š” 20๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:06
party. But just if you watch television and payย  attention to this structure, you will notice thatย ย 
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. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋ฉด,
12:14
more and more native speakers are just going:ย  There's a lot of books, There was 20 people.ย ย 
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 20๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
I would personally avoid this, but okay: yourย  choice. And the final thing, a very common mistakeย ย 
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€ํ•˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
12:27
we make as non-native speakers, and that is inย  this kind of structure saying something like:ย ย 
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
One of my friend has an electric car. It's oneย  of many friends, so the noun has to be plural,ย ย 
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๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. It's one of ๋งŽ์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
but of course the verb agrees with one, thatย  one particular friend, and therefore it's:ย ย 
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” one, that one ํŠน์ • ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
One of my friends has an electric car. Okay.ย  That's the end of the presentation. I hope itย ย 
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๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์ด ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
12:57
has helped you maybe identify some of the mistakesย  you've been making, and without panicking about itย ย 
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹นํ™ฉ
13:03
or stressing yourself about it, gradually beginย  to get rid of them. I hope you've enjoyed thisย ย 
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
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lesson. For more on this topic, click here.ย  Remember to also check out my complete onlineย ย 
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. ์ด ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ œ ์ „์ฒด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ 
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course, and don't forget to like and subscribe.ย  Thank you for watching and happy studies!
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์ข‹์•„์š”์™€ ๊ตฌ๋…๋„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ์ฒญํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ธ์š”!
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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